npm vs yarn: Perbezaan Utama dan Perbandingan Mendalam

Dalam ekosistem JavaScript, pilihan antara npm vs yarn sebagai pengurus pakej boleh memberi kesan yang ketara kepada aliran kerja pembangunan anda. Kedua-dua npm dan yarn ialah alatan yang digunakan secara meluas yang membantu pembangun mengurus kebergantungan dalam projek mereka, tetapi masing-masing menawarkan ciri unik yang memenuhi keperluan projek yang berbeza. Perbandingan mendalam npm vs benang ini merangkumi perbezaan utama, kelebihan dan kes penggunaannya untuk membantu anda membuat keputusan termaklum untuk projek anda.

1. Pemasangan dan Resolusi Kebergantungan

npm

npm memasang kebergantungan secara berurutan dan mencipta struktur bersarang dalam folder node_modules, yang boleh membawa kepada masa pemasangan yang lebih lama dan kemungkinan pertindihan kebergantungan. Begini rupanya:

project/
├── node_modules/
│   ├── package-a/
│   │   └── node_modules/
│   │       └── package-b/
│   └── package-c/

Kelebihan:

• Keakraban: npm diprapasang dengan Node.js, menjadikannya pengurus pakej lalai untuk banyak pembangun.
• Keserasian Meluas: Dengan ekosistem npm yang besar, kebanyakan projek JavaScript berfungsi dengan lancar tanpa persediaan tambahan.

Keburukan:

• Prestasi: Pemasangan berurutan boleh menyebabkan pemasangan lebih perlahan, terutamanya untuk projek besar.
• Ketergantungan Bersarang: Ketergantungan bersarang yang mendalam boleh membawa kepada folder node_modules yang kembung, yang kadangkala boleh menyebabkan masalah dengan sistem fail yang mengehadkan kedalaman direktori.

benang

Benang bertambah baik semasa proses pemasangan npm dengan menggunakan pemasangan selari, yang menghasilkan struktur rata:

project/
├── node_modules/
│   ├── package-a/
│   ├── package-b/
│   └── package-c/

Kelebihan:

• Kelajuan: Pemasangan selari benang selalunya 2-3 kali lebih pantas daripada npm, menjadikannya sangat cekap untuk projek yang mempunyai banyak kebergantungan.
• Struktur Rata: Struktur folder rata menghalang isu bersarang dalam dan meminimumkan risiko konflik pergantungan.

Keburukan:

• Persediaan Tambahan: Benang perlu dipasang secara berasingan daripada Node.js, yang menambah langkah tambahan untuk pengguna baharu.
• Overhed untuk Projek Lebih Kecil: Untuk projek yang lebih kecil, peningkatan prestasi benang mungkin tidak begitu ketara, menjadikan npm pilihan yang lebih mudah.

2. Kunci Fail dan Binaan Deterministik

npm: package-lock.json

npm menggunakan fail package-lock.json untuk mengunci versi pergantungan, memastikan pemasangan yang konsisten merentas persekitaran:

{
  "name": "project",
  "version": "1.0.0",
  "dependencies": {
    "lodash": "^4.17.21"
  }
}

Kelebihan:

• Penjanaan Automatik: Fail package-lock.json dijana secara automatik dan membantu memastikan versi kebergantungan yang sama dipasang merentas semua persekitaran.
• Keserasian Ke Belakang: Memastikan versi npm yang lebih lama masih boleh dijalankan tanpa masalah, mengekalkan keserasian.

Keburukan:

• Penggunaan Tidak Konsisten (Versi Lama): Dalam versi lama npm, fail package-lock.json tidak selalu digunakan secara lalai, yang boleh menyebabkan pemasangan tidak konsisten.

benang: benang.kunci

Yarn.lock yarn mempunyai tujuan yang sama tetapi sentiasa dijana dan digunakan secara lalai, memastikan binaan yang lebih deterministik:

# yarn lockfile v1

lodash@^4.17.21:
  version "4.17.21"
  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/lodash/-/lodash-4.17.21.tgz"
  integrity sha512-v2kDEe57lec...

Kelebihan:

• Deterministik secara Lalai: Fail yarn.lock Yarn menjamin pemasangan yang konsisten merentas semua persekitaran.
• Sentiasa Digunakan: Tidak seperti npm, fail yarn.lock sentiasa digunakan, memastikan setiap pemasangan adalah sama.

Keburukan:

• Overhed untuk Projek Mudah: Keketatan fail kunci mungkin terasa seperti overhed untuk projek yang lebih kecil atau kurang kompleks.

3. Ciri-ciri Keselamatan

npm

npm menyediakan arahan audit npm terbina dalam yang menyemak kelemahan dalam kebergantungan projek anda dengan mengimbas terhadap pangkalan data nasihat keselamatan npm:

npm audit

Pros:

• Easily Accessible: The audit feature is integrated into npm, offering developers a quick way to check for security issues.
• Large Database: npm has a vast security advisory database due to its large user base, covering many known vulnerabilities.

Cons:

• Less Detailed Reports: The npm audit command may not provide as detailed or actionable feedback as developers expect.

yarn

Yarn also has an audit command but goes further by verifying package integrity during installation. Yarn 2+ introduced "Zero-Installs," allowing projects to skip installs entirely, reducing the risk of security issues when fetching dependencies.

yarn audit

Pros:

• More Proactive: Yarn not only checks for known vulnerabilities but also validates the integrity of every package during installation.
• Zero-Installs: This feature adds another layer of security by enabling projects to be cloned and used without running yarn install, reducing potential risks.

Cons:

• Setup Complexity: For Yarn’s more advanced security features like Zero-Installs, developers need to adopt Yarn 2+, which can require additional setup and configuration.

4. Workspaces and Monorepo Support

npm Workspaces

npm introduced workspaces in version 7, allowing developers to manage multiple packages within the same project. This feature is particularly useful in monorepos, where several related packages are maintained together.

{
  "name": "my-project",
  "workspaces": [
    "packages/*"
  ]
}

Pros:

• Official Support: npm’s native workspace support simplifies dependency management in monorepos.
• Familiarity: npm workspaces follow the same conventions as other npm functionality, so it’s easy to integrate into existing workflows.

Cons:

• Newer Feature: npm’s workspace implementation is relatively new and may not be as fully-featured as yarn’s.

yarn Workspaces

Yarn has supported workspaces for much longer and is generally considered more feature-rich for handling monorepos. Yarn’s workspace feature allows for more granular control over dependencies in monorepos.

{
  "private": true,
  "workspaces": [
    "packages/*"
  ]
}

Pros:

• Mature Feature: Yarn’s workspaces are more robust and offer additional commands for managing multiple packages.
• Better for Large Monorepos: Yarn is generally considered the better choice for larger or more complex monorepos due to its mature implementation.

Cons:

• Learning Curve: For developers new to monorepos or Yarn’s workspace management, there may be a steeper learning curve.

5. CLI Commands and Usability

npm

npm offers a variety of commands for managing dependencies:

npm install <package>
npm uninstall <package>
npm update
npm run <script>
</script></package></package>

Pros:

• Consistency: As the default package manager for Node.js, npm’s commands are familiar and widely used.
• Extensive Documentation: npm's extensive community and documentation make it easier for developers to find solutions to common issues.

Cons:

• Verbosity: npm commands can be more verbose and less intuitive compared to yarn. For example, npm install versus yarn’s simpler yarn add .
• Fewer Utility Commands: While npm covers the basics, it lacks some of the utility commands yarn provides, such as yarn why for checking package dependencies.

yarn

Yarn offers similar commands but with shorter and more intuitive syntax:

yarn add <package>
yarn remove <package>
yarn upgrade
yarn <script>
</script></package></package>

Pros:

• Simplicity: Yarn commands are often shorter and more intuitive. For example, yarn replaces npm install, and yarn <script> replaces npm run <script>.</script>
• Additional Features: Yarn provides extra utility commands like yarn why, which shows why a package was installed and which dependencies rely on it.

Cons:

• Learning Curve: Developers accustomed to npm might find the transition to yarn’s command set slightly confusing at first, particularly with yarn-specific commands.
• Less Ubiquity: While yarn has many useful features, it’s not as universally used as npm, meaning there may be fewer resources or support in certain cases.

6. Offline Mode and Caching

npm

npm has basic offline capabilities, allowing you to install packages from the cache if they were previously installed:

npm install --offline

Pros:

• Improved Offline Support: Recent versions of npm have made improvements to offline support, but it's still limited.

Cons:

• Less Reliable: npm’s offline capabilities aren’t as comprehensive as yarn’s, especially in environments with limited internet access.

yarn

Yarn’s offline support is more robust, allowing you to work completely offline as long as the dependencies have been previously installed.

yarn install --offline

Pros:

• Reliable Offline Mode: Yarn stores a more comprehensive cache, ensuring that all necessary files are available when offline.
• Ideal for CI/CD: Yarn’s offline capabilities significantly improve CI/CD pipeline performance by reducing the need for internet access.

Cons:

• Initial Setup: Yarn’s offline support requires an initial installation before it can fully function offline.

Conclusion: npm vs yarn

In summary, the choice between npm vs yarn comes down to the needs of your project:

• npm is the default and most familiar option. It’s well-suited for small to medium projects and offers solid features like npm audit and workspace support. If your project is relatively simple, npm is likely sufficient for your needs.
• yarn shines in larger projects or complex monorepos where speed, deterministic installs, and robust offline support are crucial. Yarn’s parallel installation, enhanced security features, and advanced workspace management make it the better choice for teams working on large-scale projects.

When comparing npm vs yarn, consider your project’s size, complexity, and need for features like workspaces and offline support. Both are excellent tools, but your decision should align with your workflow and project requirements.

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