Bereksperimen dengan AJAX dan API: Panduan Komprehensif untuk Pemula

1. Pengenalan kepada AJAX dan API

Apakah AJAX?

AJAX bermaksud JavaScript dan XML Tak Segerak. Ia adalah teknik yang digunakan dalam pembangunan web untuk mencipta halaman web yang dinamik dan interaktif tanpa perlu memuatkan semula keseluruhan halaman. Dengan AJAX, anda boleh meminta data daripada pelayan dan mengemas kini bahagian halaman web secara tidak segerak, bermakna pengguna boleh terus berinteraksi dengan halaman semasa permintaan sedang diproses di latar belakang.

Apakah API?

Satu API (Antara Muka Pengaturcaraan Aplikasi) ialah satu set peraturan dan takrifan yang membolehkan aplikasi perisian yang berbeza berkomunikasi antara satu sama lain. Dalam konteks pembangunan web, API sering digunakan untuk berinteraksi dengan pelayan web, mendapatkan semula data dan menghantar data. API boleh menjadi awam (tersedia untuk digunakan oleh sesiapa sahaja) atau peribadi (terhad kepada pengguna atau aplikasi tertentu).

Mengapa Menggunakan AJAX dan API Bersama?

Apabila anda menggunakan AJAX dan API bersama-sama, anda mendayakan aplikasi web anda untuk mengambil, menghantar dan mengemas kini data secara dinamik. Gabungan ini membolehkan anda membina aplikasi web yang kaya, responsif dan interaktif yang memberikan pengalaman pengguna yang lancar tanpa muat semula halaman yang berterusan.

Aplikasi Dunia Sebenar AJAX dan API

• Suapan Media Sosial: Platform seperti Twitter dan Facebook menggunakan AJAX untuk memuatkan siaran dan ulasan baharu secara dinamik tanpa memuatkan semula halaman.
• Aplikasi Cuaca: Apl cuaca mengambil data cuaca masa nyata daripada API untuk memaparkan keadaan dan ramalan semasa.
• Tapak Web E-dagang: Kedai dalam talian menggunakan AJAX untuk ciri seperti menapis produk, mengemas kini troli beli-belah dan memproses pesanan tanpa muat semula halaman.
• Perkhidmatan Peta dan Lokasi: Perkhidmatan seperti Peta Google menggunakan AJAX untuk memuatkan jubin peta dan data lokasi secara dinamik berdasarkan input pengguna.

2. Bermula dengan AJAX

Memahami JavaScript dan XML Asynchronous (AJAX)

AJAX bukan satu teknologi tetapi gabungan pelbagai teknologi yang berfungsi bersama:

• JavaScript: Digunakan untuk mengendalikan interaksi pengguna dan membuat permintaan tak segerak.
• XML/JSON: Format untuk bertukar-tukar data antara klien dan pelayan. JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) lebih biasa digunakan hari ini.
• HTML/CSS: Digunakan untuk menstruktur dan menggayakan kandungan halaman web.
• DOM (Model Objek Dokumen): Mewakili struktur halaman web dan membenarkan JavaScript berinteraksi dengannya.

Konsep Asas AJAX

1. Komunikasi Asynchronous: AJAX membenarkan halaman web menghantar dan menerima data daripada pelayan secara tidak segerak, bermakna penyemak imbas tidak perlu menunggu respons pelayan sebelum meneruskan tugas lain.
2. Kemas Kini Halaman Separa: Daripada memuatkan semula keseluruhan halaman, AJAX boleh mengemas kini bahagian tertentu halaman web, meningkatkan prestasi dan pengalaman pengguna.
3. Komunikasi Pelayan-Pelanggan: AJAX membolehkan JavaScript bahagian pelanggan berkomunikasi dengan API bahagian pelayan untuk mengambil atau menghantar data.

Bagaimana AJAX Berfungsi

1. Tindakan Pengguna: Pengguna mencetuskan acara, seperti mengklik butang atau memasukkan teks dalam borang.
2. Pelaksanaan JavaScript: JavaScript menangkap acara dan mencipta objek XMLHttpRequest.
3. Permintaan Pelayan: Objek XMLHttpRequest menghantar permintaan kepada pelayan.
4. Pemprosesan Pelayan: Pelayan memproses permintaan dan menghantar balasan kembali kepada klien.
5. Kemas Kini Pelanggan: JavaScript menerima respons pelayan dan mengemas kini halaman web secara dinamik.

Permintaan AJAX pertama dengan JavaScript

Untuk menunjukkan asas AJAX, mari buat halaman HTML mudah dan gunakan JavaScript untuk menghantar permintaan AJAX ke pelayan.

Panduan Langkah demi Langkah:

1. Buat Fail HTML:

49099650ebdc5f3125501fa170048923   93f0f5c25f18dab9d176bd4f6de5d30e  
    1fc2df4564f5324148703df3b6ed50c1  
    4f2fb0231f24e8aef524fc9bf9b9874f  
    b2386ffb911b14667cb8f0f91ea547a7AJAX Example6e916e0f7d1e588d4f442bf645aedb2f   9c3bca370b5104690d9ef395f2c5f8d1   6c04bd5ca3fcae76e30b72ad730ca86d  
    4a249f0d628e2318394fd9b75b4636b1AJAX Request Example473f0a7621bec819994bb5020d29372a  
    f86b0e4b92265ac35a2a70e8fe37df94Load Data65281c5ac262bf6d81768915a4a77ac0  
    d41cbdeca95710cb1424c563591ee03616b28748ea4df4d9c2150843fecfba68  
    32d8a8489ccf6ad22016e69b0555932f2cacc6d41bbb37262a98f745aa00fbf0   36cc49f0c466276486e50c850b7e4956   73a6ac4ed44ffec12cee46588e518a5e

2.Buat Fail JavaScript (app.js):

    document.getElementById('loadData').addEventListener('click', function() {  
        const xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();  
        xhr.open('GET', 'https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts', true);  

        xhr.onload = function() {  
            if (xhr.status === 200) {  
                document.getElementById('dataContainer').innerHTML = xhr.responseText;  
            } else {  
                console.error('Failed to load data');  
            }  
        };  

        xhr.send();  
    });

3.Uji Permintaan AJAX:

• Open the HTML file in a web browser.
• Click the “Load Data” button to trigger the AJAX request.
• Observe the fetched data displayed in the dataContainer div

3. Understanding APIs

Definition of APIs

An API (Application Programming Interface) is a set of rules and protocols that allows different software applications to communicate with each other. APIs define the methods and data formats that applications can use to interact with each other, making it easier to build software by providing reusable components and services.

Types of APIs

1. REST (Representational State Transfer): REST APIs are the most common type of API used in web development. They are based on standard HTTP methods like GET, POST, PUT, and DELETE and are stateless, meaning each request is independent of others.
2. SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol): SOAP is a protocol for exchanging structured information in web services. It uses XML for message formatting and relies on application layer protocols like HTTP and SMTP.
3. GraphQL: A newer API standard that allows clients to request exactly the data they need. Unlike REST, GraphQL uses a single endpoint and supports complex queries and mutations.

API Endpoints and Methods

• Endpoint: An endpoint is a specific URL where an API is accessed. It represents a specific function or resource within the API.
• HTTP Methods: The method used to interact with an endpoint. Common methods include:
• GET: Retrieve data from the server.
• POST: Send data to the server to create a new resource.
• PUT: Update an existing resource on the server.
• DELETE: Remove a resource from the server.

Working with JSON and XML Formats

APIs typically use JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) or XML (eXtensible Markup Language) to format data. JSON is more lightweight and easier to read, making it the preferred choice for most modern APIs.

Example JSON Response:

{  
   "id": 1,  
   "title": "Example Post",  
   "body": "This is an example of a post.",  
   "userId": 1  
}

Example XML Response:

ec655f8ae13ea154ec5dc6589cbe502a  
   53384f78b45ee9f1e3082cf378b9c5b4142c6f2d00583d752e4637b73e8eb9308  
   b2386ffb911b14667cb8f0f91ea547a7Example Post6e916e0f7d1e588d4f442bf645aedb2f  
   6c04bd5ca3fcae76e30b72ad730ca86dThis is an example of a post.36cc49f0c466276486e50c850b7e4956  
   0264c0739a3aa848263f180570ab986917a264015ae2ed1b3a0f49f37420e0cd8  
0cf29df1c39b9602336061a989a606e3

4. Making Your First AJAX Request

Setting Up a Basic HTML and JavaScript Environment

To make your first AJAX request, you need a basic HTML and JavaScript environment. Follow these steps:

1. Create an HTML File:

    8b05045a5be5764f313ed5b9168a17e6  
    49099650ebdc5f3125501fa170048923  
    93f0f5c25f18dab9d176bd4f6de5d30e  
        1fc2df4564f5324148703df3b6ed50c1  
        4f2fb0231f24e8aef524fc9bf9b9874f  
        b2386ffb911b14667cb8f0f91ea547a7First AJAX Request6e916e0f7d1e588d4f442bf645aedb2f  
    9c3bca370b5104690d9ef395f2c5f8d1  
    6c04bd5ca3fcae76e30b72ad730ca86d  
        4a249f0d628e2318394fd9b75b4636b1Fetch Data with AJAX473f0a7621bec819994bb5020d29372a  
        59abb0b237ca04f77b84b0a984fa204fFetch Data65281c5ac262bf6d81768915a4a77ac0  
        c6d0fc20cfda62e61a924a57f5913b8f16b28748ea4df4d9c2150843fecfba68  
        166bab32b60e87199ea5f9ef274384382cacc6d41bbb37262a98f745aa00fbf0  
    36cc49f0c466276486e50c850b7e4956  
    73a6ac4ed44ffec12cee46588e518a5e

Create a JavaScript File (ajax.js):

   document.getElementById('fetchDataBtn').addEventListener('click', function() {  
        const xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();  
        xhr.open('GET', 'https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts/1', true);  

        xhr.onload = function() {  
            if (xhr.status === 200) {  
                const data = JSON.parse(xhr.responseText);  
                document.getElementById('dataDisplay').innerHTML = `  
                    c1a436a314ed609750bd7c7d319db4da${data.title}2e9b454fa8428549ca2e64dfac4625cd  
                    e388a4556c0f65e1904146cc1a846bee${data.body}94b3e26ee717c64999d7867364b1b4a3  
                `;  
            } else {  
                console.error('Error fetching data');  
            }  
        };  

        xhr.onerror = function() {  
            console.error('Request failed');  
        };  

        xhr.send();  
    });

3.Test the AJAX Request:

• Open the HTML file in a web browser.
• Click the “Fetch Data” button to trigger the AJAX request.
• Observe the fetched data displayed in the dataDisplay div.

Sending a GET Request Using XMLHttpRequest

The XMLHttpRequest object is used to interact with servers. It allows you to make HTTP requests to retrieve or send data without reloading the page.

Steps to Send a GET Request:

1. Create an XMLHttpRequest Object: const xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
2. Open a Connection: xhr.open('GET', 'https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts/1', true);
3. Define a Callback Function: xhr.onload = function() { /* Handle response */ };
4. Send the Request: xhr.send();

Handling Server Responses

When the server responds to an AJAX request, the response is available in the xhr.responseText property. You can use JavaScript to process this data and update the webpage dynamically.

Debugging AJAX Requests

To debug AJAX requests, use browser developer tools:

• Network Tab: Monitor HTTP requests and responses.
• Console Tab: Log errors and messages for debugging.

5. Using Fetch API for AJAX Requests

Introduction to Fetch API

The Fetch API is a modern alternative to XMLHttpRequest for making HTTP requests. It provides a more powerful and flexible feature set and returns Promises, making it easier to handle asynchronous operations.

Making GET and POST Requests with Fetch

Example of a GET Request with Fetch:

fetch('https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts/1')<br><br>
    .then(response => response.json())<br><br>
    .then(data => {<br><br>
        document.getElementById('dataDisplay').innerHTML = <br>
            &lt;h2&gt;${data.title}&lt;/h2&gt;  <br>
            &lt;p&gt;${data.body}&lt;/p&gt;  <br>
;<br><br>
    })<br><br>
    .catch(error => console.error('Error fetching data:', error));<br>

Example of a POST Request with Fetch:

fetch('https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts', {<br><br>
    method: 'POST',<br><br>
    headers: {<br><br>
        'Content-Type': 'application/json'<br><br>
    },<br><br>
    body: JSON.stringify({<br><br>
        title: 'New Post',<br><br>
        body: 'This is a new post.',<br><br>
        userId: 1<br><br>
    })<br><br>
})<br><br>
.then(response => response.json())<br><br>
.then(data => console.log('Post created:', data))<br><br>
.catch(error => console.error('Error creating post:', error));<br>

Handling JSON Responses

The Fetch API provides a json() method to parse the response body as JSON. This method returns a Promise that resolves with the parsed JSON data.

Error Handling with Fetch

Use .catch() to handle errors in Fetch requests. This method catches any errors that occur during the fetch operation or while processing the response.

6. Interacting with RESTful APIs

What is REST?

REST (Representational State Transfer) is an architectural style for designing networked applications. RESTful APIs follow specific conventions for managing resources over the web.

RESTful API Conventions

• Stateless: Each request from a client to a server must contain all the information needed to understand and process the request.
• Resource-Based: Resources (such as users, posts, or products) are identified by URLs.
• Standard Methods: RESTful APIs use standard HTTP methods (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE) to perform operations on resources.

Sending Requests to RESTful APIs

Example of Sending a GET Request to a RESTful API:

fetch('https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts')<br><br>
    .then(response => response.json())<br><br>
    .then(posts => {<br><br>
        posts.forEach(post => {<br><br>
            console.log(post.title);<br><br>
        });<br><br>
    })<br><br>
    .catch(error => console.error('Error fetching posts:', error));<br>

CRUD Operations with AJAX

CRUD stands for Create, Read, Update, Delete — four fundamental operations for managing data.

• Create: Use POST to add new data.
• Read: Use GET to retrieve data.
• Update: Use PUT or PATCH to modify existing data.
• Delete: Use DELETE to remove data.

Example of CRUD Operations with Fetch:

CRUD Operations with AJAX

CRUD stands for Create, Read, Update, Delete—four fundamental operations for managing data.

Create: Use POST to add new data.

Read: Use GET to retrieve data.

Update: Use PUT or PATCH to modify existing data.

Delete: Use DELETE to remove data.

Example of CRUD Operations with Fetch:

7. Advanced AJAX Techniques

Handling CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing)

CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing) is a security feature that restricts web pages from making requests to a different domain than the one that served the web page. To work with APIs across different domains, the server must enable CORS.

Using Promises for Better AJAX Management

Promises simplify the management of asynchronous operations in JavaScript. They provide a more readable way to handle AJAX requests compared to callbacks.

Example of Promises with Fetch:

fetch('/api/posts')<br><br>
    .then(response => response.json())<br><br>
    .then(data => console.log(data))<br><br>
    .catch(error => console.error('Error:', error));<br>

Working with Async/Await for Cleaner Code

Async/Await is syntactic sugar built on top of Promises, making asynchronous code easier to read and write.

Example of Async/Await:

async function fetchPosts() {<br><br>
    try {<br><br>
        const response = await fetch('/api/posts');<br><br>
        const data = await response.json();<br><br>
        console.log(data);<br><br>
    } catch (error) {<br><br>
        console.error('Error:', error);<br><br>
    }<br><br>
}  

<p>fetchPosts();<br>
</p>

Chaining Multiple AJAX Requests

To handle multiple AJAX requests in sequence, use Promises or Async/Await to chain requests.

Example of Chaining AJAX Requests:

fetch('/api/user')<br><br>
    .then(response => response.json())<br><br>
    .then(user => fetch(/api/posts?userId=${user.id}))<br><br>
    .then(response => response.json())<br><br>
    .then(posts => console.log(posts))<br><br>
    .catch(error => console.error('Error:', error));<br>

1. Building a Real-World Application with AJAX and APIs

Setting Up a Sample Project

To build a real-world application, you need a backend API and a frontend interface. For this example, we’ll use a simple API to fetch weather data.

Integrating a Third-Party API (e.g., OpenWeatherMap)

1. Sign Up for an API Key: Register for an API key on the OpenWeatherMap website.
2. Fetch Weather Data: Use AJAX to fetch weather data based on the user’s input.

Example of Fetching Weather Data:

const apiKey = 'YOUR_API_KEY';<br><br>
const city = 'London';<br><br>
fetch(https://api.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/weather?q=${city}&amp;appid=${apiKey})<br><br>
    .then(response => response.json())<br><br>
    .then(data => {<br><br>
        document.getElementById('weatherDisplay').innerHTML = <br>
            &lt;h2&gt;Weather in ${data.name}&lt;/h2&gt;  <br>
            &lt;p&gt;Temperature: ${(data.main.temp - 273.15).toFixed(2)}°C&lt;/p&gt;  <br>
            &lt;p&gt;Condition: ${data.weather[0].description}&lt;/p&gt;  <br>
;<br><br>
    })<br><br>
    .catch(error => console.error('Error fetching weather data:', error));<br>

Creating Dynamic and Interactive Elements with AJAX

Use JavaScript to create dynamic elements that update based on user input or server responses.

Example of Creating Dynamic Elements:

document.getElementById('searchButton').addEventListener('click', function() {<br><br>
    const city = document.getElementById('cityInput').value;<br><br>
    fetchWeatherData(city);<br><br>
});  

<p>function fetchWeatherData(city) {<br><br>
    fetch(https://api.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/weather?q=${city}&amp;appid=${apiKey})<br><br>
        .then(response => response.json())<br><br>
        .then(data => {<br><br>
            document.getElementById('weatherDisplay').innerHTML = <br>
                &lt;h2&gt;Weather in ${data.name}&lt;/h2&gt;  <br>
                &lt;p&gt;Temperature: ${(data.main.temp - 273.15).toFixed(2)}°C&lt;/p&gt;  <br>
                &lt;p&gt;Condition: ${data.weather[0].description}&lt;/p&gt;  <br>
;<br><br>
        })<br><br>
        .catch(error => console.error('Error fetching weather data:', error));<br><br>
}<br>
</p>

Displaying Data from API Responses

Use HTML and CSS to format the data received from APIs. JavaScript allows you to manipulate the DOM and display the data dynamically.

9. Optimizing AJAX Requests

Debouncing and Throttling API Calls

Debouncing and Throttling are techniques used to limit the rate at which a function is executed. This is especially useful when working with APIs to avoid unnecessary requests.

Example of Debouncing:

function debounce(func, delay) {<br><br>
    let timeout;<br><br>
    return function(...args) {<br><br>
        clearTimeout(timeout);<br><br>
        timeout = setTimeout(() => func.apply(this, args), delay);<br><br>
    };<br><br>
}  

<p>const fetchWeatherDebounced = debounce(fetchWeatherData, 300);<br><br>
document.getElementById('cityInput').addEventListener('input', function() {<br><br>
    fetchWeatherDebounced(this.value);<br><br>
});<br>
</p>

Managing Request States and Loading Indicators

Use JavaScript to manage the state of your AJAX requests and provide feedback to users, such as loading indicators or error messages.

Example of Managing Request States:

function fetchWeatherData(city) {<br><br>
    const loader = document.getElementById('loader');<br><br>
    loader.style.display = 'block'; // Show loader  
<div class="highlight js-code-highlight">
<pre class="highlight plaintext">fetch(`https://api.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/weather?q=${city}&amp;appid=${apiKey}`)  
    .then(response =&gt; response.json())  
    .then(data =&gt; {  
        loader.style.display = 'none'; // Hide loader  
        // Display weather data...  
    })  
    .catch(error =&gt; {  
        loader.style.display = 'none'; // Hide loader  
        console.error('Error fetching weather data:', error);  
    });  

}