Bina Apl Web dengan Oats~i – Persediaan

Dalam artikel lepas, saya menulis jawatan pengenalan tentang Oats~i, rangka kerja web terbuka. Saya bercakap tentang ciri terasnya, sedikit cara ia berfungsi, dan perkara yang diharapkan. Jika anda tidak membaca karya itu, lihat dengan pantas.

Sejak beberapa hari lalu, saya telah mencipta beberapa alatan di sekitar Oats~i untuk memastikan kami boleh bangun dan menjalankan pemasangan rangka kerja dengan cepat, menjalankan projek pemula dan mengerjakan tutorial dan pembelajaran dengan lancar.

Sekeping ini adalah siri pertama yang dipanggil Bina Apl Web dengan Oats~i. Kami akan mulakan dengan menyediakan projek Oats~i menggunakan dua kaedah – menggunakan cli atau secara manual.

Menggunakan Oats~i CLI (Disyorkan)

Ini adalah kaedah yang paling disyorkan untuk menyediakan projek Oats~i. Ia menjimatkan masa anda menulis kod plat dandang dan memasang kebergantungan yang diperlukan untuk mendapatkan projek Oats~i dan berjalan.

Walau bagaimanapun, anda harus menggunakan kaedah ini hanya apabila mencipta projek baharu sepenuhnya untuk mengelakkan kemungkinan konflik fail antara Oats~i dan struktur projek semasa anda.

Cli disediakan dengan projek permulaan dengan halaman rumah dan tentang. Anda boleh menavigasi antara dua halaman ini untuk melihat Oats~i sudah beraksi, mengendalikan penghalaan dan serpihan.

Cara Menggunakan Oats~i CLI

• Navigasi ke folder yang anda mahu buat projek Oats~i
• Buka terminal dan jalankan

npx oats-i-cli

• Ikuti gesaan dan tunggu sehingga persediaan selesai
• Lari

npm run dev

• Navigasi ke alamat yang ditunjukkan dalam terminal pada permulaan binaan (selalunya localhost:8080). Itu akan membuka projek permulaan pada penyemak imbas anda. (Anda boleh menggunakan alamat rangkaian tempatan untuk melihatnya pada peranti anda yang lain yang disambungkan ke rangkaian yang sama)

Pemasangan Manual

Jika anda mempunyai projek sedia ada yang ingin anda pasangkan Oats~i, atau suka menjadi tegar, anda boleh menyediakan Oats~i secara manual. Proses ini lebih lama dan memerlukan lebih perhatian untuk memastikan semuanya berfungsi dengan baik.

Pasang Ketergantungan

Sekarang, mulakan dengan menavigasi ke direktori projek anda dan buka terminal.

Pertama, kami memasang kebergantungan yang diperlukan untuk membina dan menjalankan Oats~i. Jika anda memulakan projek baharu, mulakan dengan jalankan.

npm init -y

Kemudian, ikut langkah yang digariskan di bawah.

NOTA: Selain daripada memasang Oats~i, anda boleh melangkau mana-mana langkah selepas itu jika anda sudah mempunyai perpustakaan/pergantungan yang dipasang dalam projek semasa anda.

Pasang Oats~i (Inti)

Pasang perpustakaan teras Oats~i.

Lari

npm install oats-i

Pasang Webpack

Pasang Webpack sebagai pergantungan pembangunan. Webpack akan membolehkan kami mempunyai struktur projek yang lebih baik antara ciri lain, dengan penggabungan modul pengendalian perpustakaan dan pengurusan aset.

Lari

npm install --save-dev webpack webpack-cli

Pasang Webpack Dev Server

Pasang pelayan pembangun webpack sebagai pergantungan pembangunan. Ini akan membolehkan kami menjalankan pelayan pembangunan yang akan mengemas kini secara automatik pada perubahan baharu semasa kami membina dan menguji apl web Oats~i kami.

Lari

npm install --save-dev webpack-dev-server

Pasang Handlebars-Loader

Adalah sangat disyorkan anda menggunakan enjin templat untuk memaparkan pandangan anda dalam Oats~i. Pilihan pilihan saya ialah hendal. (Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang hendal)

Untuk bekerja dengan pek web, kami perlu memasang pemuat hendal sebagai pergantungan pembangunan. Itu akan membolehkan kami menggunakan templat bar hendal untuk menjana dan memaparkan paparan dalam apl kami.

Lari

npm install --save-dev handlebars-loader

Pasang HTML-Loader

Untuk mencipta paparan sisi pelayan, konfigurasi Oats~i asas menggunakan gabungan html-loader dan html-webpack-plugin. Mari kita pasang pustaka pemuat html dahulu sebagai kebergantungan pembangunan.

Lari

npm install --save-dev html-loader

Pasang HTML-Webpack-Plugin

Pustaka html-webpack-plugin membolehkan kami mengeluarkan paparan sisi pelayan untuk apl kami menggunakan webpack. Ia berfungsi bersama-sama dengan html-loader. Pasangnya sebagai pergantungan pembangunan.

Lari

npm install --save-dev html-webpack-plugin

Pasang Babel-Loader

Babel-loader akan memuatkan dan mengubah fail JavaScript kami menggunakan webpack. Pasangnya sebagai pergantungan pembangunan.

Lari

npm install --save-dev babel-loader

Pasang Style-Loader dan CSS-Loader

Pemuat gaya dan pemuat css akan menyuntik import css kami sebagai helaian gaya dalam fail html kami yang dihasilkan oleh html-loader dan html-webpack-plugin. Pasang pemuat ini sebagai kebergantungan pembangunan.

Lari

npm install --save-dev style-loader

npm install --save-dev css-loader

Pasang Webpack-Merge

Webpack-merge akan membolehkan kami menggabungkan berbilang fail konfigurasi webpack, membolehkan kami menstruktur fail konfigurasi kami dengan cara yang optimum untuk persediaan projek kami. Pasang pustaka ini sebagai pergantungan pembangunan.

Lari

npm install --save-dev webpack-merge

Install Express-Handlebars

Express-handlebars will allow us to emulate server-side rendering in development using handlebars view files outputted by our webpack configuration, using html-loader and html-webpack-plugin. Install this library as a development dependency.

Run

npm install --save-dev express-handlebars

Create Webpack Configuration Files

At the root of your project’s directory, create a new folder and call it “webpack-configs”.

Navigate into this folder and create two new folders inside it named “main” and “oats~i”.

Your folder structure should now look like this:

Now, navigate into “oats~i” and create two more folders named “default” and “main”.

Your folder structure should now look like this:

------

The “default” folder will hold the default webpack configuration needed by Oats~i to have it’s webpack-dependent functions work. Currently, that is code splitting and lazy loading for fragments.

The “main” folder will hold the webpack configuration for loaders used and recommended by Oats~i. These are the loaders we installed in the “install dependencies” stage. Feel free to edit this configuration later if you want to change loaders.

------

Navigate to the “default” folder and create a new file called “webpack.config.js”

Open the file and paste the following code inside it.

//@ts-check
const DefaultOats_iConfig = {

    optimization: {

        splitChunks: {

            minSize: 0, //Minimum size, in bytes, for a chunk to be generated.
            minSizeReduction: 1, //Minimum size reduction to the main chunk (bundle), in bytes, needed for a chunk to be generated.
            minChunks: 2,
            cacheGroups: {

                commons: {

                    chunks: "async", //Allow chunks to be shared between sync and async
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

module.exports = DefaultOats_iConfig;

Now, navigate back to the “oats~i” folder and navigate into “main”.

Create a new file and name it “webpack.config.js”.

Open the file and paste the following code inside.

//@ts-check
/**
 * Contains loaders
 */
const DefaultOats_iLoadersConfig = {

    module: {

        rules: [

            {
                test: /\.(html|sv.hbs|p.hbs)$/,
                use: [
                        {
                            loader: "html-loader",
                            options: {
                                minimize: false
                            }
                        }
                ]
            },
            {
                test: /\.(hbs)$/,
                exclude: /\.(sv.hbs|p.hbs)/,
                use: [
                    {
                        loader: "handlebars-loader",
                        options: {
                            inlineRequires: "./assets"
                        }
                    }
                ]
            },
            {
                test: /\.(js)$/,
                exclude: /node_modules/,
                use: [
                    {
                        loader: "babel-loader"
                    }
                ]
            },
            {
                test: /\.(png|svg|jpg|gif)$/,
                type: 'asset/resource',
            },
            {
                test: /\.css$/,
                use: [

                    'style-loader',
                    'css-loader'
                ]
            }
        ]
    }
}

module.exports = DefaultOats_iLoadersConfig;

We’re done setting up the core webpack configuration for Oats~i. Now, we need to merge them in a common configuration file that we’ll use project-wide.

Now, navigate back to the “oats~i” folder then back to the “webpack-configurations” folder. Now navigate into “main”.

Create a new file and name it “webpack.config.js”.

Open the file and paste the following code inside.

//@ts-check
const path = require("path");
const HtmlWebpackPlugin = require("html-webpack-plugin");
const DevServerMiddlewareConfig = require("../../proxy-server/proxy_server");
//The folder we'll have our assets emitted after build
const DIST_PATH_PUBLIC_ASSETS = "../../dist/public";
const { merge } = require("webpack-merge");
const DefaultOats_iConfig = require("../oats~i/default/webpack.config");
const DefaultOats_iLoadersConfig = require("../oats~i/main/webpack.config");

//@ts-expect-error
module.exports = merge(DefaultOats_iConfig, DefaultOats_iLoadersConfig, {

    mode: "development",
    devtool: "eval-source-map",
    output: {

        //Where we'll output public assets
        path: path.resolve(__dirname, `${DIST_PATH_PUBLIC_ASSETS}`),
        publicPath: "/",
        assetModuleFilename: 'assets/[name][ext]',
        filename: "js/[name].dev_bundle.js",
        clean: true
    },
    entry: {

        //The main entry (app)
        index: "./src/app/index/scripts/index.js",
    },
    plugins: [
        new HtmlWebpackPlugin({

            template: "./src/server/home/home.sv.hbs",
            filename: "../views/home.hbs",
            chunks: ["index"],
            minify: false
        })
    ],
    devServer: {

        devMiddleware: {

            writeToDisk: true, //Because of our configured server
        },
        setupMiddlewares: DevServerMiddlewareConfig,
    }
});

Now, we should be done setting up our webpack configurations that’s just fine to run an Oats~i project.

Update package.json

Navigate back to your project’s root folder. Open package.json, look for the “scripts” line, and add the following line after “test” (remember to separate with a comma).

"dev": "webpack-dev-server --config ./webpack-configs/main/webpack.config.js"

Set Up Dev Server Middlewares

In our final webpack configuration file, we specified a middlewares file for the webpack dev server under

setupMiddlewares: DevServerMiddlewareConfig

Under normal circumstances, you don’t need this setup. You can simply write your server view files in html format, use html-loader and html-webpack-plugin to produce them, and have them directly served by webpack-dev-server during development.

However, as you’ll come to learn later, this is not the best setup for building an Oats~i project that’s already primed for server-side rendering. The server-side files are already in html format, meaning they can’t be easily templated with data before being rendered to the client on the initial request.

To accommodate that, the default Oats~i setup ensures you’re creating template files for your server views that will be easy to render with data from your server every time a client requests for a fresh page.

Our dev server middlewares setup will allow us to mimic such as setup on the actual server, for our development environment.

With its default setup, you don’t need to update it for new fragments that you add to the project, as long as you’re not interested in having them server-side rendered. However, once you get to the point where you want to have server-side rendering and test it in development, setting things up will be much easier and faster, without a change in file formats you’ve already used across the project.

Let’s Set Up this Config

At your project’s root directory, create a new folder and name it “proxy-server”. Inside this new folder, create a file and name it “proxy_server.js”

Open the file and paste the following code:

//@ts-check
const express = require("express");
const path = require("path");
const hbs = require("express-handlebars");

const DevServerMiddlewareConfig = (middlewares, devServer) => {

    /**
     * @type {import("express").Application}
     */
    const app = devServer.app;

    //Configure the view engine
    app.set("views", path.resolve(__dirname, "../dist/views"));
    app.set("view engine", "hbs");
    app.engine("hbs", hbs.engine({

        extname: "hbs",
        layoutsDir: path.resolve(__dirname, "../dist/views"),
        partialsDir: path.resolve(__dirname, "../dist/views/partials")
    }));

    //for json
    app.use(express.json());
    //I think params and queries
    app.use(express.urlencoded({ extended: false }));
    //static
    app.use(express.static(path.resolve(__dirname, "../dist/public")));

    //My middlewares
    //Capture all
    app.get("/*", (req, res, next) => {

        res.render("home", {
            layout: "home"
        });
    });

    return middlewares;
}

module.exports = DevServerMiddlewareConfig;

This configuration will capture all requests to the dev server and return the home.hbs layout file. You can rename this later to your file’s actual name once you start creating your own Oats~i project and leave it as is as long as you’ll not require server-side rendering for any of your fragments.

Create jsconfig.json

Oats~i is typed using a combination of typescript declaration files and JSDoc. There’s a slight issue where types may not always reflect correctly when using the framework, slightly hurting the developer experience.

Instead of refactoring over 100 files and thousands of lines of code, I’ve found a way to make typescript and intellisense (at least in VSCode) to understand the JSDoc types used in Oats~i.

To do this, navigate to your project’s root folder. Create a file named “jsconfig.json”.

Open it and paste the code below:

{
    "include": [
        "*/**/*.js",
        "**/*",
        "/**/*",
        "node_modules/oats-i" //to get type definitions for oats-i in your project
    ],
}

NOTE: This bit comes automatically with the cli, so don’t do this for an Oats~i project you’ve set up using the cli.

Create Starter Project Files

Let’s now put everything together and create our starter project files to run an Oats~i app for the first time.

Server-side Base Layout

Navigate to your project’s root folder and create a new folder named “src”. This folder will contain all of our project’s source files.

Inside the “src” folder, create two folders named “app” and “server”.

Navigate to the “server” folder and create a new folder named “home”. Inside the “home” folder, create a new file and name it “home.sv.hbs”

Open the file and paste the code below:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>Home - My Oats~i App</title>
</head>
<body>
    <app-root id="my-app">
       <div id="nav">
            <a href="/" class="home-link">Home</a>
        </div>
        <main-fragment>
        </main-fragment>
    </app-root>
</body>
</html>

App Files

Now navigate back to “src”. Get into the “app” folder and create two folders name “fragments” and “index”.

Navigate into the “index” folder and create two folders named “scripts” and “styles”.

Inside the “scripts” folder, create a new folder called “routing-info”. Inside “routing-info” create two files named “app_main_nav_info.js” and “app_routing_info.js”

Main Navigation info

Open “app_main_nav_info.js” and paste the following code:

//@ts-check
import MainNavigationInfoBuilder from "oats-i/router/utils/nav-info/main_nav_info_builder";

const AppMainNavInfo = MainNavigationInfoBuilder.buildMainNavigationInfo([
    {
        selector: "home-link",
        defaultRoute: "/",
        baseActiveRoute: "/",
    }
]);

export default AppMainNavInfo;

Main Routing Info

Now open “app_routing_info.js” and paste the following code:

//@ts-check
import RoutingInfoUtils from "oats-i/router/utils/routing-info/routing_info_utils";
import AppMainNavInfo from "./app_main_nav_info";
import homeMainFragmentBuilder from "../../../fragments/home/scripts/home_main_fragment";

const AppRoutingInfo = RoutingInfoUtils.buildMainRoutingInfo([

    {
        route: "/",
        target: homeMainFragmentBuilder,
        nestedChildFragments: null
    }
], AppMainNavInfo);

export default AppRoutingInfo;

Index.css

We’ll create an index.css file for a special reason, which MUST be replicated across all your Oats~i projects if you want consistent behavior.

Navigate back to the “index” folder, and create a new folder named “styles”. Inside the folder, create a new file called “index.css”

Open the file and paste the following code:

/* Crucial styling to allow specially structured A links to still have clicks intercepted by router. */
/* Carry over to your project */
a *:not([click-override=true]){ 

    pointer-events: none 
}

What this css code does is remove pointer events from elements nested inside an A tag, to ensure the browser doesn’t intercept it before Oats~i does. It also gives you, the developer, the freedom to override this behavior using the attribute click-override=true on any element nested within an A tag.

However, expect Oats~i, at its current state, not to intercept links from an A tag with a child element having that attribute.

This means that you can safely write A tags without any modification or special attributes for Oats~i to automatically intercept them and navigate your app locally. You only add special attributes when you want to stop this behavior and have the browser manually route the website.

Carry over this css directive in all Oats~i projects you create. If you use the cli, you’ll find it already in index.css.

Index.js

Navigate back to “scripts” (inside index) and create a new file named “index.js”.

Open the file and paste the following code.

//@ts-check
//import styles
import "../styles/index.css";
import AppStateManager from "oats-i/base-history/app_state_manager";
import appRoot from "oats-i/bin/app_root"
import AppRoutingInfo from "./routing-info/app_routing_info";
import MainRouter from "oats-i/router/main_router";
import AppMainNavInfo from "./routing-info/app_main_nav_info";

function initApp(){

    const appStateManager = new AppStateManager(AppRoutingInfo);
    appRoot.initApp(appStateManager, new MainRouter(AppRoutingInfo, appStateManager, (args) => {}, "", async (url) => {

        return {

            canAccess: true,
            fallbackRoute: "/"
        }
    }), { template: null, mainNavInfos: AppMainNavInfo }, "");
}

initApp();

Fragments

Navigate back to the “app” folder. Navigate into “fragments” and create a new folder named “home”.

Inside “home”, create a new folder named “scripts”. Inside “scripts”, create a new file named “home_main_fragment.js”.

Open the file and paste the code below.

//@ts-check
import AppFragmentBuilder from "oats-i/fragments/builder/AppFragmentBuilder";
import AppMainFragment from "oats-i/fragments/AppMainFragment"

class HomeMainFragment extends AppMainFragment{

    async initializeView(cb){

        //@ts-expect-error cannot find module (for view)
        const uiTemplate = require("../views/home_fragment.hbs")();
        this.onViewInitSuccess(uiTemplate, cb);
    }
}

const homeMainFragmentBuilder = new AppFragmentBuilder(HomeMainFragment, {

    localRoutingInfos: null,
    viewID: "home-main-fragment",
});
export default homeMainFragmentBuilder;

Now navigate back to “home” and create a new folder called “views”. Inside “views”, create a new file and name it “home_fragment.hbs”

Open file and paste the following code:

<h1>Home Fragment<h1/>

Test the Configuration

Navigate to your project’s root. Open the terminal and run

npm run dev

This will start the webpack-dev-server which will bundle the files and run Oats~i. If you open the browser at the url shown in the terminal (often is localhost:8080) and see a page with “Home Fragment” showing, your project has been successfully set up and Oats~i is working fine.

Configuration Extensibility

Regardless of whether you’ve manually set up an Oats~i project or used the cli, there are configuration flexibilities you can enjoy thanks to Oats~i running on top of Webpack.

Basically, apart from the default Oats~i webpack configuration, you can change anything else to your liking as long as you understand webpack, plugins, and loaders, and how they’ll affect your project.

For instance, you can have a production configuration that will use MiniCssExtractPlugin to extract your css into files that will be added to the final html-webpack-plugin output. You can use advanced babel configurations and even switch handlebars-loader for a loader that suits your favorite templating engine.

However, the default setup provided by Oats~i is good enough for most projects. Later on in the tutorials, we’ll add a new configuration to create the final production build with key features such as minification.

Further Reading

I encourage you to learn about Webpack, why it’s needed, and how you can configure it, to make the most out of Oats~i and other projects you may have using Webpack as a bundler.

Sign Up and Follow for the Next Tutorial

That’s it for setting up Oats~i for your project. If you’re working on a new project, just use the cli. It’s easier, faster, and will directly load you into a beautiful starter project that you can inspect and start getting ideas of how to setup a full project with view, styling, and script files in Oats~I, before we start doing that together.

In the next tutorial, we’ll create our first simple project in Oats~i, where we’ll start learning what routing infos, nav infos, and fragments are in Oats~i.

Leave a like and follow to get notified when the next tutorial drops.

See you then.

Support Oats~i

You can support the development of Oats~i through Patreon or buy me a coffee.

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