Hacks JavaScript Yang Akan Membuat Anda Berkata “Di Mana Anda Pergi Sepanjang Hidup Saya?

Mari kita hadapi: sebagai pembangun, kami sentiasa mencari cara untuk menyelaraskan aliran kerja kami dan mengurangkan masa pengekodan kami.

Siapa yang mahu menghabiskan berjam-jam bergelut dengan kod kikuk apabila terdapat penyelesaian yang anggun dan cekap hampir?

Hari ini, saya berkongsi 10 helah JavaScript — beberapa terbina dalam, beberapa tersuai — yang akan membuatkan anda tertanya-tanya bagaimana anda pernah hidup tanpanya.

Hebat! Mari kita beralih ke bahagian pertama. Kami akan mulakan dengan ciri JavaScript yang mudah tetapi sangat berguna.

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1. Rantaian Pilihan: Cium Mereka TypeErrors Selamat Tinggal!

Masalah: Anda cuba mengakses harta jauh di dalam objek, tetapi anda tidak pasti sama ada semua sifat dalam rantaian wujud. Ini boleh menyebabkan ralat "Tidak boleh membaca sifat yang tidak ditentukan" yang digeruni.

const user = {
   // address: { street: "123 Main St" } 
};

let street = user.address.street; 

console.log(street); // Uncaught TypeError: Cannot read properties of undefined (reading 'street')

Penyelesaian Lama yang Menyakitkan: Anda perlu menulis sekumpulan pernyataan jika bersarang untuk menyemak sama ada setiap sifat wujud sebelum cuba mengaksesnya.

const user = {
    // address: { street: "123 Main St" }
};

// The old, painful way:
let street = user && user.address && user.address.street;

console.log(street); // undefined

Penyelesaian Moden Baharu: Rangkaian pilihan untuk menyelamatkan! Dengan ?., ungkapan litar pintas kepada undefined jika harta tiada, menghalang ralat.

const user = {
    // address: { street: "123 Main St" }
};

// The elegant, modern way:
let street = user?.address?.street; 

console.log(street); // undefined:

Dengan rantaian pilihan (?.), jika mana-mana harta dalam rantaian itu batal atau tidak ditentukan, ungkapan itu akan menjadi litar pintas dan hanya kembali tidak ditentukan dan bukannya membuang TypeError yang digeruni. Tiada lagi kekok jika kenyataan mengacaukan kod anda!

Contoh Dunia Sebenar:

Bayangkan anda mengambil data daripada API dan struktur tindak balas mungkin berbeza-beza. Daripada menulis berbilang cek bersarang, rantaian pilihan menyediakan cara yang bersih dan ringkas untuk mengakses data yang mungkin ada atau tidak.

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2. Pengendali Gabungan Nullish: Nilai Lalai Semakin Pintar

Masalah: Anda ingin memberikan nilai lalai kepada pembolehubah jika ia batal atau tidak ditentukan, tetapi anda tidak mahu secara tidak sengaja menimpa nilai palsu yang mungkin sah dalam kod anda, seperti 0 atau rentetan kosong.

Penyelesaian Lama yang Menyakitkan: Menggunakan operator OR logik (||) untuk menetapkan lalai boleh membawa kepada akibat yang tidak diingini ini.

const user = { name: 0 };

// The old way (potentially problematic):
let postCount = user.name || "No posts yet!"; 

console.log(postCount); // Outputs "No posts yet!", even though 0 might be a valid post count.

Penyelesaian Moden Baharu: Pengendali penggabungan yang batal (??) menjimatkan hari! Ia hanya menyediakan lalai jika operan kiri adalah sama sekali batal atau tidak ditentukan.

const user = { name: 0 };

// The new, improved way:
let postCount = user.name ?? "No posts yet!"; 

console.log(postCount); // Outputs 0, respecting the actual value of user.name

Kepercayaan kami ?? hanya melangkah masuk jika operan kiri adalah batal atau tidak ditentukan, memastikan lalai digunakan hanya apabila dimaksudkan.

Contoh Dunia Sebenar:

Bayangkan profil pengguna dengan 0 ialah input yang sah untuk "bilangan siaran." Menggunakan || untuk menetapkan lalai akan menggantikan 0 dengan lalai dengan salah. yang?? pengendali mengelakkan perangkap ini, menghormati makna sebenar 0 dalam konteks ini.

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3. Object.freeze(): Jadikan Ia Tidak Boleh Berubah!

Masalah: Anda mempunyai objek dan anda ingin memastikan tiada satu pun sifatnya boleh ditukar secara tidak sengaja selepas objek itu dibuat. Ini amat penting untuk objek konfigurasi atau data yang sepatutnya kekal malar.

const colors = {
    primary: "blue",
    secondary: "green"
};

colors.primary = "red"; // Accidental modification is too easy!

console.log(colors.primary); // Outputs "red" - the object was modified

Penyelesaian: Object.freeze() menjadikan objek anda kukuh! Ia menghalang sebarang pengubahsuaian lanjut pada sifatnya.

const colors = {
    primary: "blue",
    secondary: "green"
};

Object.freeze(colors);

colors.primary = "red"; // This will silently fail
console.log(colors.primary); // Still outputs "blue"

Object.freeze() mengambil objek dan menjadikannya tidak boleh diubah. Sebarang percubaan untuk menukar sifatnya akan diabaikan secara senyap. Ia seperti meletakkan objek anda dalam kotak paparan – anda boleh melihat, tetapi anda tidak boleh menyentuh!

Contoh Dunia Sebenar:

Bayangkan anda mempunyai tetapan konfigurasi yang disimpan dalam objek. Menggunakan Object.freeze() memastikan tetapan ini kekal berterusan sepanjang aplikasi anda, menghalang pengubahsuaian tidak sengaja yang boleh membawa kepada tingkah laku yang tidak dijangka.

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4. Pemusnahan Tatasusunan: Membongkar Pembungkusan Dipermudahkan

Masalah: Anda perlu mengekstrak nilai tertentu daripada tatasusunan dan menetapkannya kepada pembolehubah individu. Akses tatasusunan tradisional menggunakan indeks boleh berasa agak kikuk, terutamanya untuk tatasusunan yang lebih panjang.

Penyelesaian Lama yang Menyakitkan: Anda akhirnya akan mengakses elemen mengikut indeksnya, yang mungkin kurang boleh dibaca dan lebih terdedah kepada ralat, terutamanya apabila tatasusunan semakin besar.

const rgb = [255, 128, 0];

const red = rgb[0];
const green = rgb[1];
const blue = rgb[2]; 

console.log(red, green, blue); // 255 128 0

Penyelesaian Moden Baharu: Pemusnahan tatasusunan menyediakan cara yang elegan dan boleh dibaca untuk "membongkar" elemen tatasusunan kepada pembolehubah yang berbeza.

const rgb = [255, 128, 0];

const [red, green, blue] = rgb;

console.log(red, green, blue); // 255 128 0

Dengan menggunakan kurungan segi empat sama [] di sebelah kiri tugasan, kami mencipta corak yang mencerminkan struktur tatasusunan. JavaScript kemudian dengan kemas memberikan nilai yang sepadan daripada tatasusunan kepada pembolehubah.

Contoh Dunia Sebenar:

Imagine you have an array representing a user’s information: [name, age, city]. With destructuring, you can easily extract these values into separate variables for more readable and maintainable code.

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5. Default Parameters: No More Undefined Headaches

Problem: You’re writing a function, and you want to provide default values for parameters in case the caller doesn’t supply them.

Old Painful Solution: You’d have to check if the arguments were undefined within the function body and assign default values manually.

function greet(name, message) {
    const userName = name || "Stranger"; 
    const greeting = message || "Hello there!";

    console.log(`${greeting}, ${userName}!`);
}

greet(); // Hello there!, Stranger!
greet("Alice"); // Hello there!, Alice!
greet("Bob", "Good morning"); // Good morning, Bob!

New Modern Solution: Default parameters let you specify default values for function parameters directly within the function definition.

By assigning values to parameters in the function signature (name = "Stranger"), we tell JavaScript to use those values if the corresponding arguments are not provided when the function is called.

Real-World Example:

Consider a function that calculates the area of a rectangle. You could set default values for width and height to 1, so if the function is called without arguments, it returns the area of a unit square.

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6. Tagged Template Literals: Supercharge Your Strings

Problem: You want to create more powerful and flexible string formatting capabilities beyond what’s offered by basic template literals. You might need custom parsing, escaping, or data transformations within your string construction.

Old Painful Solution: You’d rely on a combination of string concatenation, helper functions, and potentially complex logic to achieve the desired results.

function highlight(text, name) {
    // Find the index of the placeholder within the text
    const placeholderIndex = text.indexOf("%name%"); 

    if (placeholderIndex !== -1) {
        // Replace the placeholder with the actual name
        return text.substring(0, placeholderIndex) + name + text.substring(placeholderIndex + 6);
      } else {
        return text;
    }
}

const name = "Alice";
const message = highlight("Welcome, %name%!", name);

console.log(message); // "Welcome, Alice!"

New Modern Solution: Tagged template literals allow you to define custom functions (called “tag functions”) that can process template literal strings before they’re interpolated.

function highlight(strings, ...values) {
    let result = '';
    for (let i = 0; i < strings.length; i++) {
        result += strings[I];
        if (values[i]) {
          result += `<span class="highlight">${values[i]}</span>`;
        }
    }
    return result;
}

const name = "Alice";
const message = highlight`Welcome, ${name}!`;

console.log(message); // "Welcome, <span class="highlight">Alice</span>!"

• Old Solution: We relied on a separate function (highlight) that took the text and the value to be inserted as separate arguments. We manually searched for a placeholder (%name%) and replaced it. This approach is less flexible, more error-prone (what if the placeholder is wrong?), and doesn't scale well for more complex formatting.

• New Solution: With tagged template literals, the highlight function receives the string parts and the interpolated values as separate arguments. This allows for much cleaner manipulation and transformation of the string based on its structure and the provided values.

Real-World Example:

• Creating Domain-Specific Languages (DSLs): Build custom templating engines, query builders, or even mini-languages within your JavaScript code.

• Internationalization (i18n): Handle translations and localized string formatting based on user preferences.

• Security: Implement robust sanitization and escaping mechanisms for user-generated content within strings.

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7. Proxy Objects: Intercept and Control

Problem: You need fine-grained control over object operations, such as property access, assignment, function calls, or even object construction. You might want to implement custom validation, logging, or even modify the behavior of existing objects without directly changing their code.

Old Painful Solution: You’d often resort to:

• Wrapper Functions: Creating functions that encapsulate object interactions, adding overhead and potentially obscuring the underlying object’s interface.

• Overriding Methods: Modifying object prototypes, which can lead to unexpected side effects and conflicts, especially in larger codebases.
  

const user = {
    name: "Alice",
    age: 30,
};

function validateAge(age) {
    if (age < 0 || age > 120) {
        throw new Error("Invalid age value!");
    }
      return age;
}

// Using a wrapper function to enforce validation
function setUserAge(user, newAge) {
    user.age = validateAge(newAge);
}

setUserAge(user, 35); // Works
setUserAge(user, -5); // Throws an error

New Modern Solution: Proxy objects act as intermediaries, intercepting fundamental operations on an object and giving you the power to customize how those operations are handled.

const user = {
    name: "Alice",
    age: 30,
};

const userProxy = new Proxy(user, {
    set: function (target, property, value) {
        if (property === "age") {
          if (value < 0 || value > 120) {
            throw new Error("Invalid age value!");
          }
        }
        // Update the original object's property
        target[property] = value;
        return true; // Indicate success
    },
});

userProxy.age = 35; // Works
userProxy.age = -5; // Throws an error

• We create a Proxy object, passing in the target object (user) and a handler object.

• The handler object defines “traps” for various operations. In this case, we use the set trap to intercept property assignments.

• Inside the set trap, we perform custom validation for the age property.

• If the validation passes, we update the original object’s property using target[property] = value.

Real-World Example:

• Data Validation and Sanitization: Enforce data integrity rules before saving objects to a database or sending them over a network.

• Change Tracking: Log or react to changes made to an object’s properties.

• Lazy Loading: Defer loading expensive object properties until they are actually accessed.

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8. The Power of reduce(): Beyond Simple Array Summation

Problem: You need to perform sophisticated transformations or calculations on arrays, going beyond simple aggregation like finding the sum or maximum value.

Old Painful Solution: You might resort to:

• Imperative Loops: Writing verbose for or while loops, often with nested logic and temporary variables, making the code harder to read and maintain.

• Specialized Functions: Creating separate functions for each specific array transformation, leading to code duplication.
  

const orders = [
    { product: "Shirt", quantity: 2, price: 15 },
    { product: "Shoes", quantity: 1, price: 50 },
    { product: "Hat", quantity: 3, price: 10 },
];

// Calculate the total value of all orders (imperative approach)
let totalValue = 0;
for (let i = 0; i < orders.length; i++) {
    totalValue += orders[i].quantity * orders[i].price;
}

console.log(totalValue); // Output: 110

New Modern Solution: The reduce() method provides a versatile way to iterate over an array and "reduce" it to a single value, applying a callback function to each element and accumulating a result.

const orders = [
    { product: "Shirt", quantity: 2, price: 15 },
    { product: "Shoes", quantity: 1, price: 50 },
    { product: "Hat", quantity: 3, price: 10 },
];

// Calculate the total value of all orders using reduce
const totalValue = orders.reduce((accumulator, order) => {
    return accumulator + order.quantity * order.price;
}, 0); // Initial value of the accumulator

console.log(totalValue); // Output: 110

• reduce() takes two arguments: a callback function and an optional initial value for the accumulator.

• The callback function receives the accumulator (which starts with the initial value or the first element) and the current element.

• In each iteration, the callback returns the updated accumulator, which is then passed to the next iteration.

• The final value returned by reduce() is the accumulated result.

Real-World Example:

• Data Grouping: Transform an array of objects into a grouped object based on a specific property.

const products = [
    { name: "Apple", category: "Fruit" },
    { name: "Banana", category: "Fruit" },
    { name: "Carrot", category: "Vegetable" },
];

const groupedProducts = products.reduce((groups, product) => {
    const category = product.category;
    if (!groups[category]) {
        groups[category] = [];
    }
    groups[category].push(product);
    return groups;
}, {});

console.log(groupedProducts); 
// Output: { Fruit: [{...}, {...}], Vegetable: [{...}] }

• Flattening Arrays: Merge nested arrays into a single flat array.

const nestedArray = [1, [2, 3], [4, [5, 6]]];

const flatArray = nestedArray.reduce(
     (acc, current) => acc.concat(Array.isArray(current) ? current.flat() : current),[]);

console.log(flatArray); // Output: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

• Creating Unique Lists: Extract unique values from an array.

const numbers = [1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5];

const uniqueNumbers = numbers.reduce((unique, number) => {
      return unique.includes(number) ? unique : [...unique, number];
}, []);

console.log(uniqueNumbers); // Output: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

Mastering reduce() unlocks a higher level of array manipulation, allowing you to express complex transformations concisely and elegantly.

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9. Spread Syntax for Easy Array and Object Manipulation

Problem: You need to copy arrays, combine them, or insert elements at specific positions. Similarly, you might want to create copies of objects with modified properties. Doing this manually can be tedious and involve loops or multiple lines of code.

Old Painful Solution: You’d use combinations of slice(), concat(), or Object.assign() for these tasks:

Arrays:

const numbers1 = [1, 2, 3];
const numbers2 = [4, 5, 6];

// Concatenating arrays
const combinedArray = numbers1.concat(numbers2); 

// Inserting the number 0 at index 2 (the old way)
const newArray = numbers1.slice(0, 2).concat([0], numbers1.slice(2));

Objects:

const product = {
    name: "Phone",
    price: 499,
};

// Creating a modified copy
const updatedProduct = Object.assign({}, product, { price: 599 });

New Modern Solution: The spread syntax (...) provides a more concise and flexible way to work with arrays and objects:

Arrays:

const numbers1 = [1, 2, 3];
const numbers2 = [4, 5, 6];

// Concatenating arrays
const combinedArray = [...numbers1, ...numbers2];

// Inserting an element
const newArray = [...numbers1.slice(0, 2), 0, ...numbers1.slice(2)];

Objects:

const product = {
     name: "Phone",
     price: 499,
};

// Creating a modified copy
const updatedProduct = { ...product, price: 599 };

• Spread Syntax with Arrays: When used with arrays, ... expands the elements of an array in place.

• Spread Syntax with Objects: When used with objects, ... expands the key-value pairs of an object.

Why It’s Easier:

• Conciseness: Spread syntax significantly reduces the code required for common array and object operations.

• Readability: The code becomes more declarative and easier to understand.

Real-World Example:

• Modifying State in React: Spread syntax is widely used in React and other UI libraries to create updated copies of state objects without mutating the original state:

// Example in a React component
this.setState(prevState => ({
    ...prevState,
    cartItems: [...prevState.cartItems, newItem], 
}));

Spread syntax is a versatile tool that simplifies array and object manipulation, making your code more concise, readable, and maintainable.

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10. Arrow Functions: A Concise Syntax for Functions

Problem: You often need to write short, anonymous functions for event handlers, callbacks, or array methods, but the traditional function syntax can feel a bit verbose in these cases.

Old Painful Solution: You’d use the function keyword to define anonymous functions:

// Example with an array method
const numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

const doubledNumbers = numbers.map(function(number) {
    return number * 2;
});

console.log(doubledNumbers); // Output: [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]

New Modern Solution: Arrow functions (=>) provide a more compact syntax for writing functions, especially for short function bodies:

const numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

const doubledNumbers = numbers.map((number) => number * 2);

console.log(doubledNumbers); // Output: [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]

• Syntax: An arrow function is defined with parentheses for parameters (or a single parameter without parentheses), followed by the arrow (=>), and then the function body.

• Implicit Return: If the function body contains a single expression, the result of that expression is implicitly returned without needing the return keyword.

• Lexical this Binding: Arrow functions don't have their own this binding. They inherit this from the surrounding scope, which can be very useful in certain situations (we'll explore this in a later example).

Why It’s Easier:

• Shorter Syntax: Arrow functions significantly reduce the code required to define simple functions.

• Improved Readability: The code becomes more concise and easier to follow, especially when used with array methods.

Real-World Example:

• Event Handlers: Arrow functions are very common when attaching event listeners:

const button = document.getElementById("myButton");

button.addEventListener("click", () => {
    console.log("Button clicked!"); 
});

Ready for More? ?

• This is just the beginning! The world of JavaScript is vast. ?

• Keep experimenting, keep learning, and never be afraid to break things (in a safe coding environment, of course! ?).

• Want to stay connected? Follow me on Instagram @codingwithjd for more coding tips, tricks, and even some bad programming jokes. ?

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