http://blog.csdn.net/u011573853/article/details/51355113 在上面我们已经说了单表的一些操作,现在我们说一下多表的连接 from sqlalchemy import distinct from sqlalchemy.orm import aliased Astu = aliased(Stu, 'Astu' ) Acla = aliased(Cla, 'Acla'
http://blog.csdn.net/u011573853/article/details/51355113
在上面我们已经说了单表的一些操作,现在我们说一下多表的连接
<code class=" hljs python"><span class="hljs-prompt">>>> </span><span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> sqlalchemy <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> distinct <span class="hljs-prompt">>>> </span><span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> sqlalchemy.orm <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> aliased <span class="hljs-prompt">>>> </span>Astu = aliased(Stu,<span class="hljs-string">'Astu'</span>) <span class="hljs-prompt">>>> </span>Acla = aliased(Cla,<span class="hljs-string">'Acla'</span>) <span class="hljs-prompt">>>> </span>Agrade = aliased(Grade,<span class="hljs-string">'Agrade'</span>)</code>
在这里先用函数aliased()给表起一个别名以备使用
<code class=" hljs r"><span class="hljs-comment">#查询所有有成绩的学号</span> >>> query = session.query(Stu).join(Grade,Stu.id==Grade.uid).all() SELECT stu.id AS stu_id, stu.name AS stu_name FROM stu INNER JOIN grade ON stu.id = grade.uid <span class="hljs-number">2016</span>-<span class="hljs-number">05</span>-<span class="hljs-number">10</span> <span class="hljs-number">15</span>:<span class="hljs-number">02</span>:<span class="hljs-number">36</span>,<span class="hljs-number">476</span> INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine () >>> <span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> re <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> query: <span class="hljs-keyword">...</span> print re.id <span class="hljs-keyword">...</span> <span class="hljs-number">1</span> <span class="hljs-number">2</span> <span class="hljs-number">3</span> <span class="hljs-number">4</span> <span class="hljs-number">5</span> >>> </code>
<code class=" hljs cpp"><span class="hljs-preprocessor">#查找有成绩的同学的学号好成绩</span> >>> print session.query(Grade.uid,Grade.gre).join(Stu,Grade.uid==Stu.id).all() SELECT grade.uid AS grade_uid, grade.gre AS grade_gre FROM grade INNER JOIN stu ON grade.uid = stu.id <span class="hljs-number">2016</span>-<span class="hljs-number">05</span>-<span class="hljs-number">10</span> <span class="hljs-number">15</span>:<span class="hljs-number">15</span>:<span class="hljs-number">22</span>,<span class="hljs-number">208</span> INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine () [(<span class="hljs-number">1L</span>, <span class="hljs-number">76L</span>), (<span class="hljs-number">1L</span>, <span class="hljs-number">76L</span>), (<span class="hljs-number">2L</span>, <span class="hljs-number">66L</span>), (<span class="hljs-number">2L</span>, <span class="hljs-number">76L</span>), (<span class="hljs-number">2L</span>, <span class="hljs-number">50L</span>), (<span class="hljs-number">3L</span>, <span class="hljs-number">96L</span>), (<span class="hljs-number">3L</span>, <span class="hljs-number">76L</span>), (<span class="hljs-number">3L</span>, <span class="hljs-number">60L</span>), (<span class="hljs-number">4L</span>, <span class="hljs-number">76L</span>), (<span class="hljs-number">4L</span>, <span class="hljs-number">76L</span>), (<span class="hljs-number">4L</span>, <span class="hljs-number">76L</span>), (<span class="hljs-number">5L</span>, <span class="hljs-number">66L</span>), (<span class="hljs-number">5L</span>, <span class="hljs-number">96L</span>), (<span class="hljs-number">5L</span>, <span class="hljs-number">96L</span>)] >>> </code>
<code class=" hljs oxygene">#查找有成绩同学的学好成绩和课程名 >>>print session.query(Grade.uid,Grade.gre,Cla.cname).<span class="hljs-keyword">join</span>(Stu,Grade.uid==Stuid).<span class="hljs-keyword">join</span>(Cla,Grade.cid==Cla.id).all() <span class="hljs-keyword">SELECT</span> grade.uid <span class="hljs-keyword">AS</span> grade_uid, grade.gre <span class="hljs-keyword">AS</span> grade_gre, cla.cname <span class="hljs-keyword">AS</span> cla_cname <span class="hljs-keyword">FROM</span> grade INNER <span class="hljs-keyword">JOIN</span> stu <span class="hljs-keyword">ON</span> grade.uid = stu.id INNER <span class="hljs-keyword">JOIN</span> cla <span class="hljs-keyword">ON</span> grade.cid = cla.id <span class="hljs-number">2016</span>-<span class="hljs-number">05</span>-<span class="hljs-number">10</span> <span class="hljs-number">15</span>:<span class="hljs-number">21</span>:<span class="hljs-number">29</span>,<span class="hljs-number">402</span> INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine () [(<span class="hljs-number">2</span>L, <span class="hljs-number">66</span>L, <span class="hljs-string">'yuwen'</span>), (<span class="hljs-number">5</span>L, <span class="hljs-number">66</span>L, <span class="hljs-string">'yuwen'</span>), (<span class="hljs-number">3</span>L, <span class="hljs-number">96</span>L, <span class="hljs-string">'shuxue'</span>), (<span class="hljs-number">2</span>L, <span class="hljs-number">50</span>L, <span class="hljs-string">'yingyu'</span>), (<span class="hljs-number">3</span>L, <span class="hljs-number">60</span>L, <span class="hljs-string">'yingyu'</span>), (<span class="hljs-number">4</span>L, <span class="hljs-number">76</span>L, <span class="hljs-string">'yingyu'</span>), (<span class="hljs-number">5</span>L, <span class="hljs-number">96</span>L, <span class="hljs-string">'yingyu'</span>), (<span class="hljs-number">1</span>L, <span class="hljs-number">76</span>L, <span class="hljs-string">'wuli'</span>), (<span class="hljs-number">3</span>L, <span class="hljs-number">76</span>L, <span class="hljs-string">'wuli'</span>), (<span class="hljs-number">4</span>L, <span class="hljs-number">76</span>L, <span class="hljs-string">'wuli'</span>), (<span class="hljs-number">1</span>L, <span class="hljs-number">76</span>L, <span class="hljs-string">'huaxue'</span>), (<span class="hljs-number">2</span>L, <span class="hljs-number">76</span>L, <span class="hljs-string">'huaxue'</span>), (<span class="hljs-number">4</span>L, <span class="hljs-number">76</span>L, <span class="hljs-string">'huaxue'</span>), (<span class="hljs-number">5</span>L, <span class="hljs-number">96</span>L, <span class="hljs-string">'huaxue'</span>)] >>> </code>
<code class=" hljs oxygene">#查找有成绩同学的学好成绩和课程名,并进行排序 >>> print session.query(Grade.uid,Grade.gre,Cla.cname).<span class="hljs-keyword">join</span>(Stu,Grade.uid==Stud).<span class="hljs-keyword">join</span>(Cla,Grade.cid==Cla.id).order_by(Grade.uid,Grade.gre.<span class="hljs-keyword">desc</span>()).all() <span class="hljs-keyword">SELECT</span> grade.uid <span class="hljs-keyword">AS</span> grade_uid, grade.gre <span class="hljs-keyword">AS</span> grade_gre, cla.cname <span class="hljs-keyword">AS</span> cla_cname <span class="hljs-keyword">FROM</span> grade INNER <span class="hljs-keyword">JOIN</span> stu <span class="hljs-keyword">ON</span> grade.uid = stu.id INNER <span class="hljs-keyword">JOIN</span> cla <span class="hljs-keyword">ON</span> grade.cid = cla.id <span class="hljs-keyword">ORDER</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">BY</span> grade.uid, grade.gre <span class="hljs-keyword">DESC</span> <span class="hljs-number">2016</span>-<span class="hljs-number">05</span>-<span class="hljs-number">10</span> <span class="hljs-number">15</span>:<span class="hljs-number">34</span>:<span class="hljs-number">17</span>,<span class="hljs-number">902</span> INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine () [(<span class="hljs-number">1</span>L, <span class="hljs-number">76</span>L, <span class="hljs-string">'wuli'</span>), (<span class="hljs-number">1</span>L, <span class="hljs-number">76</span>L, <span class="hljs-string">'huaxue'</span>), (<span class="hljs-number">2</span>L, <span class="hljs-number">76</span>L, <span class="hljs-string">'huaxue'</span>), (<span class="hljs-number">2</span>L, <span class="hljs-number">66</span>L, <span class="hljs-string">'yuwen'</span>), (<span class="hljs-number">2</span>L, <span class="hljs-number">50</span>L, <span class="hljs-string">'yingyu'</span>), (<span class="hljs-number">3</span>L, <span class="hljs-number">96</span>L, <span class="hljs-string">'shuxue'</span>), (<span class="hljs-number">3</span>L, <span class="hljs-number">76</span>L, <span class="hljs-string">'wuli'</span>), (<span class="hljs-number">3</span>L, <span class="hljs-number">60</span>L, <span class="hljs-string">'yingyu'</span>), (<span class="hljs-number">4</span>L, <span class="hljs-number">76</span>L, <span class="hljs-string">'yingyu'</span>), (<span class="hljs-number">4</span>L, <span class="hljs-number">76</span>L, <span class="hljs-string">'huaxue'</span>), (<span class="hljs-number">4</span>L, <span class="hljs-number">76</span>L, <span class="hljs-string">'wuli'</span>), (<span class="hljs-number">5</span>L, <span class="hljs-number">96</span>L, <span class="hljs-string">'yingyu'</span>), (<span class="hljs-number">5</span>L, <span class="hljs-number">96</span>L, <span class="hljs-string">'huaxue'</span>), (<span class="hljs-number">5</span>L, <span class="hljs-number">66</span>L, <span class="hljs-string">'yuwen'</span>)] >>> </code>
或
<code class=" hljs avrasm">>>> query2=session<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.query</span>(Grade<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.uid</span>,Grade<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.gre</span>,Cla<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.cname</span>)<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.join</span>(Stu,Grade<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.uid</span>==Stid)<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.join</span>(Cla,Grade<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.cid</span>==Cla<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.id</span>)<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.order</span>_by(Grade<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.uid</span>,Grade<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.gre</span><span class="hljs-preprocessor">.desc</span>())<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.all</span>() SELECT grade<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.uid</span> AS grade_uid, grade<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.gre</span> AS grade_gre, cla<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.cname</span> AS cla_cname FROM grade INNER JOIN stu ON grade<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.uid</span> = stu<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.id</span> INNER JOIN cla ON grade<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.cid</span> = cla<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.id</span> ORDER BY grade<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.uid</span>, grade<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.gre</span> DESC <span class="hljs-number">2016</span>-<span class="hljs-number">05</span>-<span class="hljs-number">10</span> <span class="hljs-number">15</span>:<span class="hljs-number">37</span>:<span class="hljs-number">33</span>,<span class="hljs-number">628</span> INFO sqlalchemy<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.engine</span><span class="hljs-preprocessor">.base</span><span class="hljs-preprocessor">.Engine</span> () >>> for re <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> query2: ... print re<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.uid</span>,re<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.gre</span>,re<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.cname</span> ... <span class="hljs-number">1</span> <span class="hljs-number">76</span> wuli <span class="hljs-number">1</span> <span class="hljs-number">76</span> huaxue <span class="hljs-number">2</span> <span class="hljs-number">76</span> huaxue <span class="hljs-number">2</span> <span class="hljs-number">66</span> yuwen <span class="hljs-number">2</span> <span class="hljs-number">50</span> yingyu <span class="hljs-number">3</span> <span class="hljs-number">96</span> shuxue <span class="hljs-number">3</span> <span class="hljs-number">76</span> wuli <span class="hljs-number">3</span> <span class="hljs-number">60</span> yingyu <span class="hljs-number">4</span> <span class="hljs-number">76</span> yingyu <span class="hljs-number">4</span> <span class="hljs-number">76</span> huaxue <span class="hljs-number">4</span> <span class="hljs-number">76</span> wuli <span class="hljs-number">5</span> <span class="hljs-number">96</span> yingyu <span class="hljs-number">5</span> <span class="hljs-number">96</span> huaxue <span class="hljs-number">5</span> <span class="hljs-number">66</span> yuwen >>> </code>
只需要把你要查的字段写在query()中就好了
<code class=" hljs oxygene">#查找成绩小于等于<span class="hljs-number">70</span>同学的学好成绩和课程名,并进行排序 >>>print session.query(Grade.uid,Grade.gre,Cla.cname).<span class="hljs-keyword">join</span>(Stu,Grade.uid==Stu.id).jn(Cla,Grade.cid==Cla.id).filter(Grade.gre<=<span class="hljs-number">70</span>).order_by(Grade.uid,Grade.gre.de()).all() <span class="hljs-keyword">SELECT</span> grade.uid <span class="hljs-keyword">AS</span> grade_uid, grade.gre <span class="hljs-keyword">AS</span> grade_gre, cla.cname <span class="hljs-keyword">AS</span> cla_cname <span class="hljs-keyword">FROM</span> grade INNER <span class="hljs-keyword">JOIN</span> stu <span class="hljs-keyword">ON</span> grade.uid = stu.id INNER <span class="hljs-keyword">JOIN</span> cla <span class="hljs-keyword">ON</span> grade.cid = cla.id <span class="hljs-keyword">WHERE</span> grade.gre <= %s <span class="hljs-keyword">ORDER</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">BY</span> grade.uid, grade.gre <span class="hljs-keyword">DESC</span> <span class="hljs-number">2016</span>-<span class="hljs-number">05</span>-<span class="hljs-number">10</span> <span class="hljs-number">15</span>:<span class="hljs-number">42</span>:<span class="hljs-number">06</span>,<span class="hljs-number">742</span> INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine (<span class="hljs-number">70</span>,) [(<span class="hljs-number">2</span>L, <span class="hljs-number">66</span>L, <span class="hljs-string">'yuwen'</span>), (<span class="hljs-number">2</span>L, <span class="hljs-number">50</span>L, <span class="hljs-string">'yingyu'</span>), (<span class="hljs-number">3</span>L, <span class="hljs-number">60</span>L, <span class="hljs-string">'yingyu'</span>), (<span class="hljs-number">5</span>L, <span class="hljs-number">66</span>L, <span class="hljs-string">'yuwen'</span>)] >>> </code>
或
<code class=" hljs r"><span class="hljs-comment">#用SQL语言来查询</span> >>> query = session.execute(<span class="hljs-string">"select uid from grade where cid = (select id fromla where cname='yuwen')"</span>) select uid from grade where cid = (select id from cla where cname=<span class="hljs-string">'yuwen'</span>) <span class="hljs-number">2016</span>-<span class="hljs-number">05</span>-<span class="hljs-number">10</span> <span class="hljs-number">17</span>:<span class="hljs-number">12</span>:<span class="hljs-number">57</span>,<span class="hljs-number">395</span> INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine () >>> <span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> re <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> query: <span class="hljs-keyword">...</span> print re.uid <span class="hljs-keyword">...</span> <span class="hljs-number">2</span> <span class="hljs-number">5</span> >>> </code>
<code class=" hljs avrasm"><span class="hljs-preprocessor">#把学好为2成绩为100的学生成绩改为99</span> >>> query5 = session<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.query</span>(Grade) >>> query5<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.filter</span>(Grade<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.uid</span>==<span class="hljs-number">2</span>,Grade<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.gre</span>==<span class="hljs-number">100</span>)<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.update</span>({Grade<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.gre</span>:<span class="hljs-number">99</span>}) <span class="hljs-number">2016</span>-<span class="hljs-number">05</span>-<span class="hljs-number">10</span> <span class="hljs-number">16</span>:<span class="hljs-number">28</span>:<span class="hljs-number">46</span>,<span class="hljs-number">485</span> INFO sqlalchemy<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.engine</span><span class="hljs-preprocessor">.base</span><span class="hljs-preprocessor">.Engine</span> UPDATE grade <span class="hljs-keyword">SET</span> gre=%s WHERE grade<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.uid</span> = %s <span class="hljs-keyword">AND</span> grade<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.gre</span> = %s <span class="hljs-number">2016</span>-<span class="hljs-number">05</span>-<span class="hljs-number">10</span> <span class="hljs-number">16</span>:<span class="hljs-number">28</span>:<span class="hljs-number">46</span>,<span class="hljs-number">486</span> INFO sqlalchemy<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.engine</span><span class="hljs-preprocessor">.base</span><span class="hljs-preprocessor">.Engine</span> (<span class="hljs-number">99</span>, <span class="hljs-number">2</span>, <span class="hljs-number">100</span>) <span class="hljs-number">1</span>L</code>
此时没有提交还没有正在的改变
<code class=" hljs asciidoc"><span class="hljs-header">mysql> select * from grade where gre=100; +----+------+------+------+</span> <span class="hljs-header">| id | uid | cid | gre | +----+------+------+------+</span> <span class="hljs-header">| 15 | 2 | 3 | 100 | +----+------+------+------+</span> 1 row in set (0.00 sec) >>> session.commit() mysql> select * from grade where gre=100; Empty set (0.00 sec) 也可以这样搞 >>> session.query(Grade).filter(Grade.gre==99).update({Grade.gre:50}) </code>
update里面使用的是字典类型
或这样搞
<code class=" hljs asciidoc">#用SQL语句把学语文的成绩都改为110 >>> session.execute("update grade set gre=110 where cid = (select id from cla ere cname=<span class="hljs-emphasis">'yuwen'</span>)") <span class="hljs-code"> update grade set gre=110 where cid = (select id from cla where cname='yuwen')</span> 2016-05-10 17:15:59,383 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine () <sqlalchemy.engine.result.ResultProxy object at 0xb5c895cc> <span class="hljs-header">mysql> select * from grade where cid =(select id from cla where cname='yuwen'); +----+------+------+------+</span> <span class="hljs-header">| id | uid | cid | gre | +----+------+------+------+</span> | 2 | 2 | 1 | 66 | <span class="hljs-header">| 3 | 5 | 1 | 66 | +----+------+------+------+</span> 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) #提交后 >>> session.commit() 2016-05-10 17:16:18,223 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine COMMIT >>> <span class="hljs-header">mysql> select * from grade where cid =(select id from cla where cname='yuwen'); +----+------+------+------+</span> <span class="hljs-header">| id | uid | cid | gre | +----+------+------+------+</span> | 2 | 2 | 1 | 110 | <span class="hljs-header">| 3 | 5 | 1 | 110 | +----+------+------+------+</span> 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)</code>
<code class=" hljs avrasm"><span class="hljs-preprocessor">#删除成绩为50的成绩记录</span> >>> session<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.query</span>(Grade)<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.filter</span>(Grade<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.gre</span>==<span class="hljs-number">50</span>)<span class="hljs-preprocessor">.delete</span>()</code>
<code class=" hljs asciidoc">#删除选修英语的所有成绩记录,用SQL进行 >>> session.execute( "delete from grade where cid =(select id from cla where cme=<span class="hljs-emphasis">'yingyu'</span>)") 2016-05-10 16:55:55,472 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine delete from grade where cid =(select id from cla where cname=<span class="hljs-emphasis">'yingyu'</span>) 2016-05-10 16:55:55,472 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine () mysql> select * from grade where cid = (select id from cla where cname=<span class="hljs-emphasis">'yingyu'</span>) <span class="hljs-header"> -> ; +----+------+------+------+</span> <span class="hljs-header">| id | uid | cid | gre | +----+------+------+------+</span> | 5 | 5 | 3 | 96 | | 9 | 4 | 3 | 76 | <span class="hljs-header">| 14 | 3 | 3 | 60 | +----+------+------+------+</span> 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) >>> session.commit() 2016-05-10 16:56:33,075 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine COMMIT >>> mysql> select * from grade where cid = (select id from cla where cname=<span class="hljs-emphasis">'yingyu'</span>) <span class="hljs-code"> -> ;</span> Empty set (0.00 sec)</code>
级联删除:在relationship关联时要加上passive_deletes=True外键要加上ondelete=’CASCADE’,否则sqlalchemy不能级联删除
这些是多表连接的操作
单表的操作请看http://blog.csdn.net/u011573853/article/details/51355113
一些细节会在下面进行说明(事务,加锁,编码等)
http://blog.csdn.net/u011573853/article/details/51366124

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MySQL sesuai untuk pemula untuk mempelajari kemahiran pangkalan data. 1. Pasang alat pelayan dan klien MySQL. 2. Memahami pertanyaan SQL asas, seperti SELECT. 3. Operasi data induk: Buat jadual, masukkan, kemas kini, dan padam data. 4. Belajar Kemahiran Lanjutan: Fungsi Subquery dan Window. 5. Debugging dan Pengoptimuman: Semak sintaks, gunakan indeks, elakkan pilih*, dan gunakan had.

MySQL dengan cekap menguruskan data berstruktur melalui struktur jadual dan pertanyaan SQL, dan melaksanakan hubungan antara meja melalui kunci asing. 1. Tentukan format data dan taip apabila membuat jadual. 2. Gunakan kunci asing untuk mewujudkan hubungan antara jadual. 3. Meningkatkan prestasi melalui pengindeksan dan pengoptimuman pertanyaan. 4. Secara kerap sandaran dan memantau pangkalan data untuk memastikan pengoptimuman keselamatan data dan prestasi.

MySQL adalah sistem pengurusan pangkalan data sumber terbuka yang digunakan secara meluas dalam pembangunan web. Ciri -ciri utamanya termasuk: 1. Menyokong pelbagai enjin penyimpanan, seperti InnoDB dan Myisam, sesuai untuk senario yang berbeza; 2. Menyediakan fungsi replikasi master-hamba untuk memudahkan pengimbangan beban dan sandaran data; 3. Meningkatkan kecekapan pertanyaan melalui pengoptimuman pertanyaan dan penggunaan indeks.

SQL digunakan untuk berinteraksi dengan pangkalan data MySQL untuk merealisasikan penambahan data, penghapusan, pengubahsuaian, pemeriksaan dan reka bentuk pangkalan data. 1) SQL Melaksanakan operasi data melalui Pilih, Masukkan, Kemas kini, Padam Penyataan; 2) Gunakan pernyataan membuat, mengubah, drop untuk reka bentuk dan pengurusan pangkalan data; 3) Pertanyaan kompleks dan analisis data dilaksanakan melalui SQL untuk meningkatkan kecekapan membuat keputusan perniagaan.

Operasi asas MySQL termasuk membuat pangkalan data, jadual, dan menggunakan SQL untuk melakukan operasi CRUD pada data. 1. Buat pangkalan data: createdatabasemy_first_db; 2. Buat Jadual: CreateTableBooks (Idintauto_IncrementPrimaryKey, Titlevarchar (100) NotNull, Authorvarchar (100) NotNull, Published_yearint); 3. Masukkan Data: InsertIntoBooks (Tajuk, Pengarang, Published_year) VA


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