Linux에서 MySQL 서버 및 클라이언트용 SSL을 설정하는 방법

이 튜토리얼에서는 SSH 연결 암호화를 사용하여 MySQL 서버에 대한 보안 연결을 설정하여 데이터베이스의 데이터를 안전하게 보호하고 해커가 데이터를 훔칠 수 없도록 하는 방법을 소개합니다. SSL은 피싱 공격을 방지할 수 있는 SSL 인증서를 확인하는 데 사용됩니다. 또한 MySQL 서버에서 SSL을 활성화하는 방법도 보여줍니다.

SSL 지원 활성화

MySQL 서버에 연결하여 MySQL 서버의 SSL 상태 확인

# mysql -u root -p
mysql> show variables like '%ssl%';
Output:
+---------------+----------+
| Variable_name | Value    |
+---------------+----------+
| have_openssl | DISABLED  |
| have_ssl     |  DISABLED |
| ssl_ca       |           |
| ssl_capath   |           |
| ssl_cert     |           |
| ssl_cipher   |           |
| ssl_key      |           |
+---------------+----------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> \q
Bye

MySQL용 SSL 인증서 생성

인증서 파일 저장을 위한 디렉터리 생성

# mkdir /etc/certificates
# cd /etc/certificates

서버 인증서 생성

# openssl genrsa 2048 > ca-key.pem
Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus
...................................................................................+++
..........+++
e is 65537 (0x10001)
# openssl req -newkey rsa:2048 -days 1000 -nodes -keyout server-key.pem > server-req.pem
Generating a 2048 bit RSA private key
..................+++
..............................................................................................+++
writing new private key to 'server-key.pem'
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:
State or Province Name (full name) []:
Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:
Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:
Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:
Email Address []:
Please enter the following 'extra' attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:
An optional company name []:
# openssl x509 -req -in server-req.pem -days 1000 -CA ca-cert.pem -CAkey ca-key.pem -set_serial 01 > server-cert.pem
Signature ok
subject=/C=XX/L=Default City/O=Default Company Ltd
Error opening CA Certificate ca-cert.pem
139991633303368:error:02001002:system library:fopen:No such file or directory:bss_file.c:398:fopen('ca-cert.pem','r')
139991633303368:error:20074002:BIO routines:FILE_CTRL:system lib:bss_file.c:400:
unable to load certificate
Generating client certificates

# openssl req -newkey rsa:2048 -days 1000 -nodes -keyout client-key.pem > client-req.pem
Generating a 2048 bit RSA private key
...............................................+++
.................+++
writing new private key to 'client-key.pem'
-----
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:
State or Province Name (full name) []:
Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:
Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:
Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:
Email Address []:
Please enter the following 'extra' attributes openssl x509 -req -in client-req.pem -days 1000 -CA ca-# cert.pem -CAkey ca-key.pem -set_serial 01 > client-cert.pem
Signature ok
subject=/C=XX/L=Default City/O=Default Company Ltd
Error opening CA Certificate ca-cert.pem
140327140685640:error:02001002:system library:fopen:No such file or directory:bss_file.c:398:fopen('ca-cert.pem','r')
140327140685640:error:20074002:BIO routines:FILE_CTRL:system lib:bss_file.c:400:
unable to load certificate to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:
An optional company name []:

이제 my.cnf 파일을 열고 인증서 추가

# vi /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
ssl-ca=/etc/certificates/cacert.pem
ssl-cert=/etc/certificates/server-cert.pem
ssl-key=/etc/certificates/server-key.pem

MySQL 서버를 다시 시작하고 인증서 상태를 확인하세요

#service mysqld restart
#mysql -uroot -p
mysql>show variables like '%ssl%';
+---------------+-----------------------------------+
| Variable_name |        Value                      |
+---------------+-----------------------------------+
| have_openssl  |          YES                      |
| have_ssl      |          YES                      |
| ssl_ca        |/etc/certificates/cacert.pem       |
| ssl_capath    |                                   |
| ssl_cert      | /etc/certificates/server-cert.pem |
| ssl_cipher    |                                   |
| ssl_key       | /etc/certificates/server-key.pem  |
+---------------+-----------------------------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

SSL 액세스 권한이 있는 사용자 만들기

mysql> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO ‘ssl_user’@’%’ IDENTIFIED BY ‘password’ REQUIRE SSL;
mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;

MySQL 클라이언트용 SSL 구성

서버 측에서 client-cert.pem 클라이언트를 변경해야 합니다. key .pem client-req.pem이 서버에서 클라이언트로 복사됩니다.

# scp /etc/ certificates/client-cert.pem root@192.168.87.158:/etc/certificates
# scp /etc/ certificates/client-key.pem root@192.168.87.158:/etc/certificates
# scp /etc/ certificates/client-req.pem root@192.168.87.158:/etc/certificates

파일이 클라이언트로 전송된 후 클라이언트에 연결하고 SSL 인증서를 사용하여 MySQL에 연결을 시도합니다.

# mysql --ssl-ca=ca-cert.pem --ssl-cert=client-cert.pem --ssl-key=client-key.pem -h 192.168.87.156 -u ssluser -p
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 3
Server version: 5.1.73 Source distribution
Copyright (c) 2000, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> status
--------------
mysql Ver 14.14 Distrib 5.1.73, for redhat-linux-gnu (x86_64) using readline 5.1
Connection id: 3
Current database:
Current user: root@localhost
SSL: Clipher in use is DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA
Current pager: stdout
Using outfile: ''
Using delimiter: ;
Server version: 5.1.73 Source distribution
Protocol version: 10
Connection: 192.168.87.158 via TCP/IP
Server characterset: latin1
Db characterset: latin1
Client characterset: latin1
Conn. characterset: latin1
UNIX socket: /var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
Uptime: 11 min 13 sec
Threads: 1 Questions: 8 Slow queries: 0 Opens: 15 Flush tables: 1 Open tables: 8 Queries per second avg: 0.11
-------------

나중에 MySQL 서버에 영구적으로 연결할 때 SSL을 사용하여 연결하도록 /etc/my.cnf 파일에 설정을 추가하세요.

# vi /etc/my.cnf
[client]
ssl-ca=/etc/certificates/ client-cert.pem
ssl-cert=/etc/certificates/client-cert.pem
ssl-key=/etc/certificates/client-key.pem

이 구성 및 설정을 완료하면 이제 SSL 키를 사용하여 클라이언트에서 MySQL 서버에 연결하여 데이터 도난을 방지하고 해커로부터도 보호할 수 있습니다.

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