nginx 데이터 구조 2 - 레드-블랙 트리를 직접 다시 작성

더 이상 고민할 필요 없이 코드를 다시 작성해 보겠습니다. 이번에는 영어로 작성된 댓글을 영어 리뷰로 사용하겠습니다.

rbtree.h:

/*
 * Copyright (C) Bipedal Bit
 * Verson 1.0.0.1
 */

#ifndef _RBTREE_H_INCLUDED_
#define _RBTREE_H_INCLUDED_

/* the node structure of the red-black tree */
typedef struct rbtree_node_s rbtree_node_t;
/* Using type int means its range is -0x7fffffff-1~0x7fffffff. */
typedef int rbtree_key_t;
/* Abstract type is complicated to achieve with C so I use char* instead. */
typedef char* rbtree_data_t;

struct rbtree_node_s
{
	/* key of the node */
	rbtree_key_t	key;
	/* pointer of the parent of the node */
	rbtree_node_t*	parent;
	/* pointer of the left kid of the node */
	rbtree_node_t*	left;
	/* pointer of the right kid of the node */
	rbtree_node_t*	right;
	/* color of the node */
	unsigned char	color;
	/* pointer of the value of the node corresponding to the key */
	rbtree_data_t	value;
};

/* the tree object stucture of the red-black tree */
typedef struct rbtree_s rbtree_t;
/* foundational insert function pointer*/
typedef void (*rbtree_insert_p) (rbtree_t* root, rbtree_node_t* node);

struct rbtree_s
{
	/* the pointer of the root node of the tree */
	rbtree_node_t* root;
	/* black leaf nodes as sentinel */
	rbtree_node_t* sentinel;
	/* the polymorphic insert function pointer */
	rbtree_insert_p insert;
};

/* macros */
#define rbtree_init(tree, s, i)		\
rbtree_sentinel_init(s);			\
(tree)->root = s;				\
(tree)->sentinel = s;			\
(tree)->insert = i

#define rbtree_red(node)	((node)->color = 1)
#define rbtree_black(node)	((node)->color = 0)
#define rbtree_is_red(node)	((node)->color)
#define rbtree_is_black(node)	(!rbtree_is_red(node))
 /* copy n2's color to n1 */
#define rbtree_copy_color(n1, n2)	(n1->color = n2->color)
/* sentinel must be black cuz it's leaf node */
#define rbtree_sentinel_init(node)	rbtree_black(node)

/* statements of public methods */
void rbtree_insert_value(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_node_t* node);
void rbtree_insert(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_node_t* node);
void rbtree_delete(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_node_t* node);
rbtree_node_t* rbtree_find(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_key_t key);

#endif	/* _RBTREE_H_INCLUDED_ */

nginx 소스 코드를 읽어보신 분들은 제 헤더 파일이 ngx_rbree.h에 비해 크게 변하지 않았음을 아실 겁니다. 매우 비슷합니다. .

키 rbtree.c:

/*
 * Copyright (C) Bipedal Bit
 * Verson 1.0.0.1
 */

#include <stddef.h>
#include "rbtree.h"

/* inline methods */
/* get the node with the minimum key in a subtree of the red-black tree */
static inline rbtree_node_t*
rbtree_subtree_min(rbtree_node_t* node, rbtree_node_t* sentinel)
{
    while(node->left != sentinel)
    {
        node = node->left;
    }

    return node;
}

/* replace the node "node" in the tree with node "tmp" */
static inline void rbtree_replace(rbtree_t* tree,
    rbtree_node_t* node, rbtree_node_t* tmp)
{
    /* upward: p[node] parent = node->parent;

    if (node == tree->root)
    {
        tree->root = tmp;
    }
    else if (node == node->parent->left)
    {
        /* downward: left[p[node]] parent->left = tmp;
    }
    else
    {
        /* downward: right[p[node]] parent->right = tmp;
    }

    node->parent = tmp;
}

/* change the topologic structure of the tree keeping the order of the nodes */
static inline void rbtree_left_rotate(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_node_t* node)
{
    /* node as the var x in CLRS while tmp as the var y */
    rbtree_node_t* tmp = node->right;

    /* replace y with left[y] */
    /* downward: right[x] right = tmp->left;
    /* if left[[y] is not NIL it has a parent */
    if (tmp->left != tree->sentinel)
    {
        /* upward: p[left[y]] left->parent = node;
    }

    /* replace x with y */
    rbtree_replace(tree, node, tmp);
    tmp->left = node;
}

static inline void rbtree_right_rotate(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_node_t* node)
{
    rbtree_node_t* tmp = node->left;

    /* replace y with right[y] */
    node->left = tmp->right;
    if (tmp->right != tree->sentinel)
    {
        tmp->right->parent = node;
    }

    /* replace x with y */
    rbtree_replace(tree, node, tmp);
    tmp->right = node;
}

/* static methods */
/* fix the red-black tree after the new node inserted */
static void rbtree_insert_fixup(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_node_t* node)
{
    while(rbtree_is_red(node->parent))
    {
        if (node->parent == node->parent->parent->left)
        {
            /* case 1: node's uncle is red */
            if (rbtree_is_red(node->parent->parent->right))
            {
                rbtree_black(node->parent);
                rbtree_black(node->parent->parent->right);
                rbtree_red(node->parent->parent);
                node = node->parent->parent;
                /* Then we can consider the whole subtree */
                /* which is represented by the new "node" as the "node" before */
                /* and keep looping till "node" become the root. */
            }
            /* case 2: node's uncle is black */
            else
            {
                /* ensure node is the left kid of its parent */
                if (node == node->parent->right)
                {
                    node = node->parent;
                    rbtree_left_rotate(tree, node);
                }
                /* case 2 -> case 1 */
                rbtree_black(node->parent);
                rbtree_red(node->parent->parent);
                rbtree_right_rotate(tree, node->parent->parent);
            }
        }
        /* same as the "if" clause before with "left" and "right" exchanged */
        else
        {
            if (rbtree_is_red(node->parent->parent->left))
            {
                rbtree_black(node->parent);
                rbtree_black(node->parent->parent->left);
                rbtree_red(node->parent->parent);
                node = node->parent->parent;
            }
            else
            {
                if (node == node->parent->left)
                {
                    node = node->parent;
                    rbtree_right_rotate(tree, node);
                }
                rbtree_black(node->parent);
                rbtree_red(node->parent->parent);
                rbtree_left_rotate(tree, node->parent->parent);
            }
        }
    }
    /* ensure the root node being black */
    rbtree_black(tree->root);
}

static void rbtree_delete_fixup(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_node_t* node)
{
    rbtree_node_t* brother = NULL;

    while(node != tree->root && rbtree_is_black(node))
    {
        if (node == node->parent->left)
        {
            brother = node->parent->right;
            if (rbtree_is_red(brother))
            {
                rbtree_black(brother);
                rbtree_red(node->parent);
                rbtree_left_rotate(tree, node->parent);
                /* update brother after topologic change of the tree */
                brother = node->parent->right;
            }

            if (rbtree_is_black(brother->left) && rbtree_is_black(brother->right))
            {
                rbtree_red(brother);
                /* go upward and keep on fixing color */
                node = node->parent;
            }
            else
            {
                if (rbtree_is_black(brother->right))
                {
                    rbtree_black(brother->left);
                    rbtree_red(brother);
                    rbtree_right_rotate(tree, brother);
                    /* update brother after topologic change of the tree */
                    brother = node->parent->right;
                }
                rbtree_copy_color(brother, node->parent);
                rbtree_black(node->parent);
                rbtree_black(brother->right);
                rbtree_left_rotate(tree, node->parent);
                /* end the loop and ensure root is black */
                node = tree->root;
            }
        }
        /* same as the "if" clause before with "left" and "right" exchanged */
        else
        {
            brother = node->parent->left;
            if (rbtree_is_red(brother))
            {
                rbtree_black(brother);
                rbtree_red(node->parent);
                rbtree_left_rotate(tree, node->parent);
                brother = node->parent->left;
            }

            if (rbtree_is_black(brother->left) && rbtree_is_black(brother->right))
            {
                rbtree_red(brother);
                node = node->parent;
            }
            else
            {
                if (rbtree_is_black(brother->left))
                {
                    rbtree_black(brother->right);
                    rbtree_red(brother);
                    rbtree_right_rotate(tree, brother);
                    brother = node->parent->left;
                }
                rbtree_copy_color(brother, node->parent);
                rbtree_black(node->parent);
                rbtree_black(brother->left);
                rbtree_left_rotate(tree, node->parent);
                node = tree->root;
            }
        }
    }

    rbtree_black(node);
}

/* public methods */
void rbtree_insert_value(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_node_t* node)
{
    /* Using ** to know wether the new node will be a left kid */
    /* or a right kid of its parent node. */
    rbtree_node_t** tmp = &tree->root;
    rbtree_node_t* parent;

    while(*tmp != tree->sentinel)
    {
        parent = *tmp;
        tmp = (node->key key) ? &parent->left : &parent->right;
    }

    /* The pointer knows wether the node should be on the left side */
    /* or on the right one. */
    *tmp = node;
    node->parent = parent;
    node->left = tree->sentinel;
    node->right = tree->sentinel;
    rbtree_red(node);
}

void rbtree_insert(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_node_t* node)
{
    rbtree_node_t* sentinel = tree->sentinel;

    /* if the tree is empty */
    if (tree->root == sentinel)
    {
        tree->root = node;
        node->parent = sentinel;
        node->left = sentinel;
        node->right = sentinel;
        rbtree_black(node);

        return;
    }

    /* generally */
    tree->insert(tree, node);
    rbtree_insert_fixup(tree, node);
}

void rbtree_delete(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_node_t* node)
{
    rbtree_node_t* sentinel = tree->sentinel;
    /* wether "node" is on the left side or the right one */
    rbtree_node_t** ptr_to_node = NULL;
    /* "cover" is the node which is going to cover "node" */
    rbtree_node_t* cover = NULL;
    /* wether we lossing a red node on the edge of the tree */
    int loss_red = rbtree_is_red(node);
    int is_root = (node == tree->root);

    /* get "cover" & "loss_red"  */
    /* sentinel in "node"'s kids */
    if (node->left == sentinel)
    {
        cover = node->right;
    }
    else if (node->right == sentinel)
    {
        cover = node->left;
    }
    /* "node"'s kids are both non-sentinel */
    else
    {
        /* update "node" & "loss_red" & "is_root" & "cover" */
        cover = rbtree_subtree_min(node->right, sentinel);
        node->key = cover->key;
        node->value = cover->value;
        node = cover;
        loss_red = rbtree_is_red(node);
        is_root = 0;
        /* move "cover"'s kids */
        /* "cover" can only be a left kid */
        /* and can only have a right non-sentinel kid */
        /* because of function "rbtree_subtree_min" */
        cover = node->right;
    }

    if (is_root)
    {
        /* update root */
        tree->root = cover;
    }
    else
    {
        /* downward link */
        if (node == node->parent->left)
        {
            node->parent->left = cover;
        }
        else
        {
            node->parent->right = cover;
        }
    }
    /* upward link */
    cover->parent = node->parent;
    /* "cover" may be a sentinel */
    if (cover != sentinel)
    {
        /* set "cover" */
        cover->left = node->left;
        cover->right = node->right;
        rbtree_copy_color(cover, node);
    }

    /* clear "node" since it's useless */
    node->key = -1;
    node->parent = NULL;
    node->left = NULL;
    node->right = NULL;
    node->value = NULL;

    if (loss_red)
    {
        return;
    }

    /* When lossing a black node on edge */
    /* the fifth rule of red-black tree will be broke. */
    /* So the tree need to be fixed. */
    rbtree_delete_fixup(tree, cover);
}

/* find the node in the tree corresponding to the given key value */
rbtree_node_t* rbtree_find(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_key_t key)
{
    rbtree_node_t* tmp = tree->root;
    int step_cnt = 0;

    /* search the binary tree */
    while(tmp != tree->sentinel)
    {
        /* next line is just fot test */
        // step_cnt++;
        if(key == tmp->key)
        {
            /* next line is just for test */
            // printf("step count: %d, color: %s, ", step_cnt, rbtree_is_red(tmp) ? "red" : "black");
            return tmp;
        }

        tmp = (key key) ? tmp->left : tmp->right;
    }

    return NULL;
}
 </stddef.h>

nginx 소스 코드에서 100줄 이상의 긴 함수 본문도 너무 많은 함수를 피하기 위한 최적화라는 것을 알고 있지만 시간과 공간의 오버헤드를 증가시키는 호출에도 불구하고 나는 여전히 모든 기능을 100줄 미만으로 분류하고 나눕니다. 가독성을 높이는 것이 한 가지이지만 약간 강박적일 수도 있습니다. 이후에는 max, min, mid 등 여러 통계 방법이 확장되고 순회 방법도 확장됩니다.

다음은 호출 테스트 test.c입니다.

#include <stdio.h>
#include "rbtree.h"

int main(int argc, char const *argv[])
{
    rbtree_t t = {};
    rbtree_node_t s = {};
    rbtree_init(&t, &s, rbtree_insert_value);

    const int cnt = 10;
    const int max_len = 15;

#define TEST_VALUES {"apple", "banana", "cherry", "grape", "lemon", "mango", "pear", "pineapple", "strawberry", "watermelon"}

    /* for gcc */
    char* v[] = TEST_VALUES;
    /* for g++ */
    // char v[][max_len] = TEST_VALUES;

    rbtree_node_t n[cnt];
    int i;
    for (i = 0; i value : "?");
    }

    rbtree_delete(&t, &n[5]);

    printf("\nafter delete 6->mango:\n\n");

    for (i = 1; i value : "?");
    }

    return 0;
}
</stdio.h>

rbtree_find 메소드에서 테스트 줄 주석을 잠금 해제하고 원활하게 실행합니다.

key: 1
step count: 3, color: black, value: apple
key: 2
step count: 2, color: black, value: banana
key: 3
step count: 3, color: black, value: cherry
key: 4
step count: 1, color: black, value: grape
key: 5
step count: 3, color: black, value: lemon
key: 6
step count: 2, color: black, value: mango
key: 7
step count: 4, color: black, value: pear
key: 8
step count: 3, color: red, value: pineapple
key: 9
step count: 4, color: black, value: strawberry
key: 10
step count: 5, color: red, value: watermelon

after delete 6->mango:

key: 1
step count: 3, color: black, value: apple
key: 2
step count: 2, color: black, value: banana
key: 3
step count: 3, color: black, value: cherry
key: 4
step count: 1, color: black, value: grape
key: 5
step count: 3, color: black, value: lemon
key: 6
value: ?
key: 7
step count: 2, color: black, value: pear
key: 8
step count: 4, color: black, value: pineapple
key: 9
step count: 3, color: red, value: strawberry
key: 10
step count: 4, color: black, value: watermelon

아래는 6->망고 삭제 전 레드-블랙 트리와 삭제 후 레드-블랙 트리의 개략도입니다.

아래에서 해보겠습니다. 많은 양의 데이터를 사용한 스트레스 테스트입니다. rbtree_find 메서드에서 테스트 줄을 주석으로 처리하지 않으면 결과가 무서울 수 있습니다.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <time.h>
#include "rbtree.h"

int main(int argc, char const *argv[])
{
    double duration;
    double room;

    rbtree_t t = {};
    rbtree_node_t s = {};
    rbtree_init(&t, &s, rbtree_insert_value);

    const int cnt = 1<br> 결과를 살펴보겠습니다. <p></p>
<pre name="code">Inserting 1048576 nodes costs 48.00MB and spends 0.425416 seconds.
Searching 1024 nodes among 1048576 spends 0.001140 seconds.
Hash 1024 times spends 0.000334 seconds.
Deleting 1024 nodes among 1048576 spends 0.000783 seconds.

삭제는 검색보다 빠르며, 해시 검색보다 두 배 조금 더 시간이 걸립니다. 수백만 개의 삽입도 0.5초도 채 걸리지 않습니다. , 나는 매우 만족합니다.

통계 및 순회 방법을 작성해 보겠습니다.

저작권 안내: 이 글은 해당 블로거의 원본 글이므로 블로거의 허락 없이 복제할 수 없습니다.

위 내용은 nginx 데이터 구조 2 - 관련 내용을 포함하여 직접 레드-블랙 트리를 다시 작성하는 방법을 소개합니다. PHP 튜토리얼에 관심이 있는 친구들에게 도움이 되기를 바랍니다.