css3制作动画的几个属性:变形(transform),过渡(transition)和动画(animation)。
transform介绍过了。接下来介绍过渡transition。
一、例子先通过一个例子感性认识一下transition的动画效果。
鼠标放上去,div宽度从100px增大到200px。
<style type="text/css"> div{ width: 100px; height: 100px; background-color: red; } div:hover{ width: 200px; }</style><div></div>
这效果其实也算是动画,但是非常变化非常快,不平滑。
如果想让鼠标放上去后div宽度在5s内平滑过渡到200px。只需要加一行代码;
div:hover{ width: 200px;<strong> transition:width 5s ease-in;</strong>}
这里用到的就是transition属性,它就是用来实现属性值平滑过渡,视觉上产生动画效果。
上面用的transition是缩写,包含四个属性:transition-property,transition-duration,transition-timing-function,transition-delay,下面会一一介绍。
二、transitioncss3新增transition属性,可以在事件触发元素的样式变化时,让效果更加细腻平滑。
transition用来描述如何让css属性值在一段时间内平滑的从一个值过渡到另一个值。这种过渡效果可以在鼠标点击、获得焦点、被点击或对元素任何改变中触发。
语法:
transition : [<'transition-property'> || <'transition-duration'> || <'transition-timing-function'> || <'transition-delay'> [, [<'transition-property'> || <'transition-duration'> || <'transition-timing-function'> || <'transition-delay'>]]*
transition有四个属性值:
transition-property:执行过渡的属性。
transition-duration:指定完成过渡需要的时间。
transition-timing-function,在延续时间段,过渡变换的速率变化,简单理解就是指定过渡函数。
transition-delay:过渡延迟时间。
transition-property用来指定哪个属性使用过渡动画效果。
语法:
transition-property : none | all | [ <IDENT> ] [ ',' <IDENT> ]*
none:所有属性都不应用过渡效果。
all:默认值。当值为all时,元素产生任何属性值变化时都将执行transition效果。
ident:元素属性名。通过ident指定具体哪些属性。如果指定的多个属性中有某个属性不能应用过渡效果,其他属性还是生效的。
过渡属性只有具备一个中点值的属性(需要产生动画的属性)才能具备过渡效果。在w3c中列出了所有可以实现transition效果的css属性值以及值的类型,点这里查看。
Property Name Typebackground-color as colorbackground-position as repeatable list of simple list of length, percentage, or calcborder-bottom-color as colorborder-bottom-width as lengthborder-left-color as colorborder-left-width as lengthborder-right-color as colorborder-right-width as lengthborder-spacing as simple list of lengthborder-top-color as colorborder-top-width as lengthbottom as length, percentage, or calcclip as rectanglecolor as colorfont-size as lengthfont-weight as font weightheight as length, percentage, or calcleft as length, percentage, or calcletter-spacing as lengthline-height as either number or lengthmargin-bottom as lengthmargin-left as lengthmargin-right as lengthmargin-top as lengthmax-height as length, percentage, or calcmax-width as length, percentage, or calcmin-height as length, percentage, or calcmin-width as length, percentage, or calcopacity as numberoutline-color as coloroutline-width as lengthpadding-bottom as lengthpadding-left as lengthpadding-right as lengthpadding-top as lengthright as length, percentage, or calctext-indent as length, percentage, or calctext-shadow as shadow listtop as length, percentage, or calcvertical-align as lengthvisibility as visibilitywidth as length, percentage, or calcword-spacing as lengthz-index as integer
Note:并不是什么属性改变都会触发transiton动画效果,比如页面的自适应宽度,当浏览器改变宽度时,并不会触发transition的效果。但上述表格所示的属性类型改变都会触发一个transition动作效果。
举例:可以同时给几个属性设置动画效果,比如给height和line-height同时设置动画效果,实现div变高文字仍然垂直居中。
<!DOCTYPE html><html><head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <title>变形与动画</title> <style type="text/css">div { width: 300px; height: 200px; line-height: 200px; text-align: center; background-color: orange; margin: 20px auto; -webkit-transition-property: height line-height; transition-property: height line-height; -webkit-transition-duration: 1s; transition-duration: 1s; -webkit-transition-timing-function: ease-out; transition-timing-function: ease-out; -webkit-transition-delay: .2s; transition-delay: .2s;}div:hover { height: 100px; line-height: 100px;}</style></head><body> <div>文字垂直居中</div></body></html>
transition-duration用来设置从旧属性过渡到新属性需要的时间,即持续时间。
语法:
<single-transition-timing-function> = ease | linear | ease-in | ease-out | ease-in-out | step-start | step-end | steps(<integer>[, [ start | end ] ]?) | cubic-bezier(<number>, <number>, <number>, <number>)
transition-timing-function属性指的是过渡的“缓动函数”。通过这个函数会建立一条加速度曲线,因此在整个transition变化过程中,变化速度可以不断改变。主要包括以下几种函数。
举例:鼠标经过问号,帮助信息渐显渐隐。
<!doctype html><html><head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <title>transition-demo by starof</title> <style>#help{ width:20px; height:20px; border-radius:10px; color:#fff; background:#000; text-align:center; position:relative; margin:50px 20px; cursor:pointer;}#help .tips{ position:absolute; width:300px; height:100px; background:#000; top:-30px; left:35px; border-radius:10px; opacity:0; /*渐隐效果*/ transition: opacity .8s ease-in-out; -moz-transition: opacity .8s ease-in-out; -webkit-transition: opacity .8s ease-in-out;}.tips:before{ content:""; border-width:10px; border-style:solid; border-color:transparent #000 transparent transparent; position:absolute; left:-20px; top:30px;}#help:hover .tips{ opacity:0.5; /*渐显效果*/ transition: opacity .8s ease-in-out; -moz-transition: opacity .8s ease-in-out; -webkit-transition: opacity .8s ease-in-out;}</style></head><body> <div id="help"> ? <div class="tips">帮助信息</div> </div></body></html>
transition-delay设置改变属性值后多长时间开始执行动画。
在改变多个css属性的transition效果时,把几个transition声明用逗号隔开,然后每个属性就都有各自的过渡时间和效果。
Note:第一个时间是时长,第二个是延时。
a{ transition: background 0.8s ease-in 0.3,color 0.6s ease-out 0.3;}三、贝塞尔曲线和transition
transition的数学模型就是贝塞尔曲线,下面介绍。
曲线其实就是两点之间插值的效果,贝塞尔曲线是一种插值算法,比线性插值复杂一点。
贝塞尔曲线:起始点,终止点(也称锚点),控制点。通过调整控制点,贝塞尔曲线的形状发生变化。
k阶贝塞尔插值算法需要k+1个控制点。
一阶贝塞尔曲线(线段):意思就是从P0到P1的连续点,用来描述一段线段。一次贝塞尔插值就是线性插值。
二阶贝塞尔曲线(抛物线):P0-P1是曲线在P0处的切线。
三阶贝塞尔曲线:
transition用到的就是三阶贝塞尔插值算法,如下图。
时间在0,1区间,待变换属性也认为是0,1区间。P0和P3的坐标一直是(0,0)和(1,1)。transition-timing-function属性用来确定P1和P2的坐标。
ease [0, 0] [0.25, 0.1] [0.25, 1.0] [1.0,1.0]
linear [0, 0] [0.0, 0.0] [1.0, 1.0] [1.0,1.0]
ease-in [0, 0] [0.42, 0] [1.0, 1.0] [1.0,1.0]
ease-out [0, 0] [0, 0] [0.58, 1.0] [1.0,1.0]
ease-in-out [0, 0] [0.42, 0] [0.58, 1.0] [1.0,1.0]
step-start steps(1,start)
step-end steps(1,end)
cubic-bezier(x1,y1,x2,y2) [0, 0] [x1, y1] [x2, y2] [1.0,1.0]
四、其他相关资料
canvas画贝塞尔曲线:查看来源
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><title>bezier demo</title></head><body><div style="width:800px;height:600px;background-color:#fac0c0;"><canvas id="cvs" width="800" height="600">骚瑞,您的浏览器不支持canvas</canvas></div><script type="text/javascript">var cvs=document.getElementById("cvs"),context=cvs.getContext("2d"),points=[];function getXY(node){var x=0,y=0;if (node.offsetParent) {while (node.offsetParent) {x += node.offsetLeft;y += node.offsetTop;node = node.offsetParent;}}else {node.x && (x += node.x);node.y && (y += node.y);}return [x,y];}function drawPoint(x,y,c,b) {!b && (b=2);context.fillStyle=c || "red";context.fillRect(x,y,b,b);}function bezier(points,t){var i,n=points.length-1,x=0,y=0;function fn(p,n,i,t){return arrangement(n,i)*p*Math.pow(1-t,n-i)*Math.pow(t,i);}for(i=0;i<n+1;i++){x+=fn(points[i][0],n,i,t);y+=fn(points[i][1],n,i,t);}return [x,y];}function factorial(n){if(isNaN(n) || n<=0 || Math.floor(n)!==n){return 1;}var s=1;while(n){s*=n--;}return s;}function arrangement(n,r){return factorial(n)/(factorial(r)*factorial(n-r));}cvs.addEventListener("click",function(event){var i,point=getXY(this),x=event.clientX-point[0]+(document.documentElement.scrollLeft || document.body.scrollLeft),y=event.clientY-point[1]+(document.documentElement.scrollTop || document.body.scrollTop);points.push([x,y]);context.clearRect(0,0,screen.width,screen.height);context.beginPath();//pointsfor(i=0;i<points.length;i++){drawPoint(points[i][0],points[i][1],"blue",4);}//bezierfor (i = 0; i < 1; i += 0.001) {drawPoint.apply(this, bezier(points,i));}//lineif(points.length==1){context.moveTo(points[0][0],points[0][1]);}else if (points.length>1){for(i=0;i<points.length;i++){context.lineTo(points[i][0],points[i][1]);}context.lineWidth=0.2;context.stroke();context.closePath();}},true);</script></body></html>
开发中可使用下面工具:
缓动函数速查表
图形工具
参考:
cubic-bezier curve.
transition-timing-function
timing-function
下面这篇文章没有原理,但可以让我们从设计师的角度去了解贝塞尔曲线。
干货!设计师必须掌握的贝塞尔曲线的秘密
本文作者starof,因知识本身在变化,作者也在不断学习成长,文章内容也不定时更新,为避免误导读者,方便追根溯源,请诸位转载注明出处:有问题欢迎与我讨论,共同进步。