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MySQL用户与权限管理_MySQL

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WBOYオリジナル
2016-06-01 13:02:50867ブラウズ

MySQL权限系统的主要功能是证实连接到一台给定主机的用户，并且赋予该用户在数据库上的相关DML,DQL权限。MySQL存取控制包含2个阶段，一是服务器检查是否允许你连接；二是假定你能连接，服务器检查你发出的每个请求。看你是否有足够的权限实施它。本文主要描述MySQL权限系统相关的用户创建、授权、撤销权限等等。

root@localhost[(none)]> help Account Management
For more information, type &#39;help <item>&#39;, where <item> is one of the following
topics:
You asked for help about help category: "Account Management"
   CREATE USER
   DROP USER
   GRANT
   RENAME USER
   REVOKE
   SET PASSWORD

2、创建mysql数据库用户

--创建用户的语法
root@localhost[(none)]> help create user;
Name: &#39;CREATE USER&#39;
Description:
Syntax:
CREATE USER user_specification [, user_specification] ...

user_specification:
    user
    [
      | IDENTIFIED WITH auth_plugin [AS &#39;auth_string&#39;]
        IDENTIFIED BY [PASSWORD] &#39;password&#39;
    ]

create user命令会创建一个新帐户，同时也可以为其指定密码。该命令将添加一条记录到user表。
该命令仅仅授予usage权限。需要再使用grant命令进行进一步授权。也可以使用grant命令直接来创建账户见后续的相关演示。
下面是mysql官方手册对usage的解释。
The USAGE privilege specifier stands for &ldquo;no privileges.&rdquo; It is used at the global level with
GRANT to modify account attributes such as resource limits or SSL characteristics without affecting
existing account privileges.

--当前演示环境
root@localhost[(none)]> show variables like &#39;version&#39;;
+---------------+------------+
| Variable_name | Value      |
+---------------+------------+
| version       | 5.5.39-log |
+---------------+------------+

--创建新用户(未指定密码)
root@localhost[(none)]> create user &#39;fred&#39;@&#39;localhost&#39;;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

--指定密码创建新用户,%表示任意，即frank可以从任意主机访问数据库
root@localhost[(none)]> create user &#39;frank&#39;@&#39;%&#39; identified by &#39;frank&#39;;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

--查看刚刚添加的账户
root@localhost[(none)]> select host,user,password from mysql.user where user like &#39;fr%&#39;;
+-----------+-------+-------------------------------------------+
| host      | user  | password                                  |
+-----------+-------+-------------------------------------------+
| %         | frank | *63DAA25989C7E01EB96570FA4DBE154711BEB361 |
| localhost | fred  |                                           |
+-----------+-------+-------------------------------------------+

3、使用grant授予权限

--grant命令语法
root@localhost[mysql]> help grant
Name: &#39;GRANT&#39;
Description:
Syntax:
GRANT
    priv_type [(column_list)]
      [, priv_type [(column_list)]] ...
    ON [object_type] priv_level
    TO user_specification [, user_specification] ...
    [REQUIRE {NONE | ssl_option [[AND] ssl_option] ...}]
    [WITH with_option ...]

GRANT PROXY ON user_specification
    TO user_specification [, user_specification] ...
    [WITH GRANT OPTION]

object_type:
    TABLE
  | FUNCTION
  | PROCEDURE

priv_level:
    *
  | *.*
  | db_name.*
  | db_name.tbl_name
  | tbl_name
  | db_name.routine_name

user_specification:
    user
    [
      | IDENTIFIED WITH auth_plugin [AS &#39;auth_string&#39;]
        IDENTIFIED BY [PASSWORD] &#39;password&#39;
    ]

如何授权
  a、需要指定授予哪些权限
  b、权限应用在那些对象上(全局，特定对象等)
  c、授予给哪个帐户
  d、可以指定密码(可选项,用此方式会自动创建用户)

授权权限的范围：
  ON　*.*
  ON  db_name.*
  ON  db_name.table_name
  ON  db_name.table_name.column_name
  ON  db_name.routine_name

--权限一览表，我们直接查询root账户所有的权限，如下
--mysql的权限相对于oracle而言，相对简单，而且也没有涉及到角色方面的定义与配置
root@localhost[(none)]> select * from mysql.user where user=&#39;root&#39; and host=&#39;localhost&#39;\G 
*************************** 1. row ***************************
                  Host: localhost
                  User: root
              Password: 
           Select_priv: Y
           Insert_priv: Y
           Update_priv: Y
           Delete_priv: Y
           Create_priv: Y
             Drop_priv: Y
           Reload_priv: Y
         Shutdown_priv: Y
          Process_priv: Y
             File_priv: Y
            Grant_priv: Y
       References_priv: Y
            Index_priv: Y
            Alter_priv: Y
          Show_db_priv: Y
            Super_priv: Y
 Create_tmp_table_priv: Y
      Lock_tables_priv: Y
          Execute_priv: Y
       Repl_slave_priv: Y
      Repl_client_priv: Y
      Create_view_priv: Y
        Show_view_priv: Y
   Create_routine_priv: Y
    Alter_routine_priv: Y
      Create_user_priv: Y
            Event_priv: Y
          Trigger_priv: Y
Create_tablespace_priv: Y
              ssl_type: 
            ssl_cipher: 
           x509_issuer: 
          x509_subject: 
         max_questions: 0
           max_updates: 0
       max_connections: 0
  max_user_connections: 0
                plugin: 
 authentication_string: 
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

--说明，本文中描述的mysql提示符为user@hostname[(dbname)]，不同的帐户，不同的主机登录会显示不同。
--其次，不同的提示符下所代表的用户身份及权限。
--查看当前的连接用户
root@localhost[(none)]> select current_user();
+----------------+
| current_user() |
+----------------+
| root@localhost |
+----------------+

--查看当前帐户的权限
root@localhost[(none)]> show grants;  --该账户用于最高权限，带有WITH GRANT OPTION
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Grants for root@localhost                                           |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO &#39;root&#39;@&#39;localhost&#39; WITH GRANT OPTION |
| GRANT PROXY ON &#39;&#39;@&#39;&#39; TO &#39;root&#39;@&#39;localhost&#39; WITH GRANT OPTION        |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+

suse11b:~ # mysql -ufred -p
Enter password: 

fred@localhost[(none)]> show grants;
+------------------------------------------+
| Grants for fred@localhost                |
+------------------------------------------+
| GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO &#39;fred&#39;@&#39;localhost&#39; |
+------------------------------------------+

--下面使用root账户给fred赋予权限all privileges
root@localhost[(none)]> grant all privileges on *.* to &#39;fred&#39;@&#39;localhost&#39;;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

root@localhost[(none)]> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

fred@localhost[(none)]> show grants;
+---------------------------------------------------+
| Grants for fred@localhost                         |
+---------------------------------------------------+
| GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO &#39;fred&#39;@&#39;localhost&#39; |
+---------------------------------------------------+

fred@localhost[(none)]> use tempdb

fred@localhost[tempdb]> create table tb_isam(id int,value varchar(20)) engine=myisam;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.10 sec)

fred@localhost[tempdb]> insert into tb_isam values (1,&#39;jack&#39;),(2,&#39;robin&#39;);
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

fred@localhost[tempdb]> commit;

--下面的授权收到了错误提示，不能授权
fred@localhost[tempdb]> grant select on tempdb.* to &#39;frank&#39;@&#39;%&#39;;
ERROR 1044 (42000): Access denied for user &#39;fred&#39;@&#39;localhost&#39; to database &#39;tempdb&#39;

--下面从root session来给之前创建的frank授权
--授予frank在数据库tempdb上所有对象的select权限
root@localhost[(none)]> grant select on tempdb.* to &#39;frank&#39;@&#39;%&#39;;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

--更新cache中的权限
root@localhost[(none)]> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

--从另外的主机使用frank账户登录
suse11a:~ # mysql -ufrank -p -h172.16.6.89
Enter password: 

--此时frank，此时已经可以访问了tempdb上的表tb_isam
frank@172.16.6.89[(none)]> select * from tempdb.tb_isam;
+------+-------+
| id   | value |
+------+-------+
|    1 | jack  |
|    2 | robin |
+------+-------+

frank@172.16.6.89[(none)]> show grants;
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Grants for frank@%                                                                                   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO &#39;frank&#39;@&#39;%&#39; IDENTIFIED BY PASSWORD &#39;*63DAA25989C7E01EB96570FA4DBE154711BEB361&#39; |
| GRANT SELECT ON `tempdb`.* TO &#39;frank&#39;@&#39;%&#39;          --可以看到多出了select权限                         |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

--下面是一个授予最大权限的例子，授予的同时会自动创建用户，由于我们没有设置密码，所以password列查询结果为空
root@localhost[(none)]> grant all privileges on *.* to &#39;jack&#39;@&#39;localhost&#39;;   
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)    --第一个*号代表任意数据库，第二个*号代表数据库上的任意对象

root@localhost[(none)]> select user,host,Password from mysql.user where user=&#39;jack&#39;;
+------+-----------+----------+
| user | host      | Password |
+------+-----------+----------+
| jack | localhost |          |
+------+-----------+----------+

suse11b:~ # mysql -ujack -p -h localhost
Enter password: 

jack@localhost[(none)]> show grants for current_user; --该方式等同于show grants，查看自身权限
+---------------------------------------------------+
| Grants for jack@localhost                         |
+---------------------------------------------------+
| GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO &#39;jack&#39;@&#39;localhost&#39; |
+---------------------------------------------------+

--在当前session下查看其它用户的权限，注，当前session登陆的用户也需要有权限才能查看其它用户权限
jack@localhost[(none)]> show grants for &#39;frank&#39;@&#39;%&#39;;
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Grants for frank@%                                                                                   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO &#39;frank&#39;@&#39;%&#39; IDENTIFIED BY PASSWORD &#39;*63DAA25989C7E01EB96570FA4DBE154711BEB361&#39; |
| GRANT SELECT ON `tempdb`.* TO &#39;frank&#39;@&#39;%&#39;                                                            |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

--下面演示基于对象列级别的授权
--首先revoke之前的select权限
root@localhost[(none)]> revoke select on tempdb.* from &#39;frank&#39;@&#39;%&#39;;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

fred@localhost[tempdb]> create table tb_user as select * from mysql.user;
Query OK, 9 rows affected (0.15 sec)
Records: 9  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

fred@localhost[tempdb]> grant select(user,host),update(host) on tempdb.tb_user to &#39;frank&#39;@&#39;%&#39;;
ERROR 1142 (42000): GRANT command denied to user &#39;fred&#39;@&#39;localhost&#39; for table &#39;tb_user&#39; --授权失败

--下面使用root来授权
root@localhost[(none)]> grant select(user,host),update(host) on tempdb.tb_user to &#39;frank&#39;@&#39;%&#39;;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

root@localhost[(none)]> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

--下面检查一下frank所拥有的权限
root@localhost[(none)]> show grants for &#39;frank&#39;;
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Grants for frank@%                                                                                   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO &#39;frank&#39;@&#39;%&#39; IDENTIFIED BY PASSWORD &#39;*63DAA25989C7E01EB96570FA4DBE154711BEB361&#39; |
| GRANT SELECT (user, host), UPDATE (host) ON `tempdb`.`tb_user` TO &#39;frank&#39;@&#39;%&#39;                        |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

--下面使用frank身份来验证所授予的权限
frank@172.16.6.89[(none)]> desc tempdb.tb_user;
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type     | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Host  | char(60) | NO   |     |         |       |
| User  | char(16) | NO   |     |         |       |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+

frank@172.16.6.89[(none)]> select * from tempdb.tb_user;   --访问时不支持通配符，必须指定列名 
ERROR 1142 (42000): SELECT command denied to user &#39;frank&#39;@&#39;suse11a.site&#39; for table &#39;tb_user&#39;

frank@172.16.6.89[(none)]> select host,user from tempdb.tb_user where user=&#39;frank&#39;;
+------+-------+
| host | user  |
+------+-------+
| %    | frank |
+------+-------+

--需要注意的是，如果你的对象创建在test相关数据库下，权限限制可能会失效。
--下面这个查询用于查看db的授权表
root@localhost[(none)]> select host,db,user from mysql.db;
+------+---------+------+
| host | db      | user |
+------+---------+------+
| %    | test    |      |
| %    | test\_% |      |
+------+---------+------+

--根据前面的权限授予,列host可以被更新，而列user不行，如下面的2条SQL语句执行的结果
frank@172.16.6.89[(none)]> update tempdb.tb_user set host=&#39;localhost&#39; where user=&#39;frank&#39;;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.12 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0

frank@172.16.6.89[(none)]> update tempdb.tb_user set user=&#39;jason&#39; where user=&#39;jack&#39;;
ERROR 1143 (42000): UPDATE command denied to user &#39;frank&#39;@&#39;suse11a.site&#39; for column &#39;user&#39; in table &#39;tb_user&#39;

--关于WITH GRANT OPTION
root@localhost[(none)]> show grants;   --注意root下有WITH GRANT OPTION
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Grants for root@localhost                                           |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO &#39;root&#39;@&#39;localhost&#39; WITH GRANT OPTION |
| GRANT PROXY ON &#39;&#39;@&#39;&#39; TO &#39;root&#39;@&#39;localhost&#39; WITH GRANT OPTION        |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+

root@localhost[(none)]> show grants for &#39;jack&#39;@&#39;localhost&#39;; --注意jack下没有WITH GRANT OPTION
+---------------------------------------------------+       --这就是前面为什么用户自身创建的对象而无法授权的问题
| Grants for jack@localhost                         |       
+---------------------------------------------------+
| GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO &#39;jack&#39;@&#39;localhost&#39; |
+---------------------------------------------------+

4、撤销权限


撤销权限使用的是revoke关键字，撤销与授权的权限方式基本类似，
其次有哪些权限可以授予，相应地就有哪些权限可以撤销，原来的to子句呢则变成了from子句。
如下面的示例
mysql> revoke SELECT (user, host), UPDATE (host) ON `tempdb`.`tb_user` from &#39;frank&#39;@&#39;%&#39;;  
mysql> revoke all privileges, grant option from &#39;frank&#39;@&#39;%&#39;;

root@localhost[(none)]> revoke SELECT (user, host), UPDATE (host) ON `tempdb`.`tb_user` from &#39;frank&#39;@&#39;%&#39;; 
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

-- Author : Leshami
-- Blog   : http://blog.csdn.net/leshami

root@localhost[(none)]> revoke all privileges, grant option from &#39;frank&#39;@&#39;%&#39;;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

root@localhost[(none)]> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

root@localhost[(none)]> show grants for &#39;frank&#39;;  --查看revoke之后仅拥有最基本权限
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Grants for frank@%                                                                                   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO &#39;frank&#39;@&#39;%&#39; IDENTIFIED BY PASSWORD &#39;*63DAA25989C7E01EB96570FA4DBE154711BEB361&#39; |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

5、删除及重命名账户

使用drop user命令删除用户
--查看当前系统中已存在的用户
root@localhost[(none)]> select user,host,Password from mysql.user;
+-------+-----------+-------------------------------------------+
| user  | host      | Password                                  |
+-------+-----------+-------------------------------------------+
| root  | localhost |                                           |
| root  | suse11b   |                                           |
| root  | 127.0.0.1 |                                           |
| root  | ::1       |                                           |
|       | localhost |                                           |
|       | suse11b   |                                           |
| fred  | localhost |                                           |
| frank | %         | *63DAA25989C7E01EB96570FA4DBE154711BEB361 |
| jack  | localhost |                                           |
+-------+-----------+-------------------------------------------+

--使用drop user命令删除用户
root@localhost[(none)]> drop user &#39;frank&#39;@&#39;%&#39;;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

root@localhost[(none)]> drop user &#39;fred&#39;@&#39;localhost&#39;;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

root@localhost[(none)]> select user,host,Password from mysql.user where user like &#39;fr%&#39;;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

--如何重命名帐户，使用rename user命令
root@localhost[(none)]> rename user &#39;jack&#39;@&#39;localhost&#39; to &#39;jason&#39;@&#39;localhost&#39;;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

root@localhost[(none)]> select user,host,Password from mysql.user where user like &#39;j%&#39;;
+-------+-----------+----------+
| user  | host      | Password |
+-------+-----------+----------+
| jason | localhost |          |
+-------+-----------+----------+

--对于用户的删除也可以直接从mysql.user进行删除相应的记录，但不推荐直接操作mysql系统表

 

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