前のレッスンでは、Go の文字は UTF-8 を使用してエンコードされ、バイト型またはルーン型として保存されることを学びました。ここで、文字の集合である文字列について話しましょう。一緒に学びましょう
知識ポイント:
Go で学習した最初のプログラムでは、文字列 hello, world を出力しました。
String は Go の基本データ型であり、文字列リテラルとも呼ばれます。これは文字の集合として理解でき、メモリの連続ブロックを占有します。このメモリ ブロックには、文字、テキスト、絵文字など、あらゆる種類のデータを保存できます
ただし、他の言語とは異なり、Go の文字列は読み取り専用であり、変更できません。
文字列はいくつかの方法で宣言できます。最初の方法を見てみましょう。 string.go という名前の新しいファイルを作成します:
次のコードを書きます:
上記のコードは、var キーワードと := 演算子を使用して文字列を作成する方法を示しています。 varで変数作成時に値を代入する場合は、変数bの作成のように型宣言を省略できます
期待される出力は次のとおりです:
ほとんどの場合、文字列を宣言するには二重引用符 "" を使用します。二重引用符の利点は、エスケープ シーケンスとして使用できることです。たとえば、以下のプログラムでは、n エスケープ シーケンスを使用して新しい行を作成します:
期待される出力は次のとおりです:
一般的なエスケープ シーケンスをいくつか示します:
シンボル | 説明 |
---|---|
ん | 改行 |
r | キャリッジリターン |
ち | タブ |
b | バックスペース |
\ | バックスラッシュ |
' | 単一引用符 |
「 | 」二重引用符 |
If you want to preserve the original format of the text or need to use multiple lines, you can use backticks to represent them:
package main import "fmt" func main() { // Output Pascal's Triangle yangHuiTriangle := ` 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 3 1 1 4 6 4 1 1 5 10 10 5 1 1 6 15 20 15 6 1 1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1 1 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1` fmt.Println(yangHuiTriangle) // Output the ASCII art of "labex" ascii := ` # ## # # ### # ## #### # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ##### # # # # # # # ##### # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # ##### # # # # ## # # # # ### ` fmt.Println(ascii) }
After running the program, you will see the following output:
Backticks are commonly used in prompts, HTML templates, and other cases where you need to preserve the original format of the output.
In the previous lesson, we learned that English characters and general punctuation marks occupy one byte, while Chinese characters occupy three to four bytes.
Therefore, in Go, we can use the len() function to get the byte length of a string. If there are no characters that occupy multiple bytes, the len() function can be used to approximately measure the length of the string.
If a string contains characters that occupy multiple bytes, you can use the utf8.RuneCountInString function to get the actual number of characters in the string.
Let's see an example. Write the following code to the string.go file:
package main import ( "fmt" "unicode/utf8" ) func main() { // Declare two empty strings using var and := var a string b := "" c := "labex" // Output byte length fmt.Printf("The value of a is %s, the byte length of a is: %d\n", a, len(a)) fmt.Printf("The value of b is %s, the byte length of b is: %d\n", b, len(b)) fmt.Printf("The value of c is %s, the byte length of c is: %d\n", c, len(c)) // Output string length fmt.Printf("The length of d is: %d\n", utf8.RuneCountInString(d)) }
The expected output is as follows:
The value of a is , the byte length of a is: 0 The value of b is , the byte length of b is: 0 The value of c is labex, the byte length of c is: 5 The length of d is: 9
In the program, we first declared two empty strings and the string labex. You can see that their byte lengths and actual lengths are the same.
We can use functions from the strconv package to convert between strings and integers:
package main import ( "fmt" "strconv" ) func main() { // Declare a string a and an integer b a, b := "233", 223 // Use Atoi to convert an integer to a string c, _ := strconv.Atoi(a) // Use Sprintf and Itoa functions respectively // to convert a string to an integer d1 := fmt.Sprintf("%d", b) d2 := strconv.Itoa(b) fmt.Printf("The type of a: %T\n", a) // string fmt.Printf("The type of b: %T\n", b) // int fmt.Printf("The type of c: %T\n", c) // int fmt.Printf("The type of d1: %T\n", d1) // string fmt.Printf("The type of d2: %T\n", d2) // string }
The expected output is as follows:
The type of a: string The type of b: int The type of c: int The type of d1: string The type of d2: string
In the program, we use the Sprintf() function from the fmt package, which has the following format:
func Sprintf(format string, a ...interface{}) string
format is a string with escape sequences, a is a constant or variable that provides values for the escape sequences, and ... means that there can be multiple variables of the same type as a. The string after the function represents that Sprintf returns a string. Here's an example of using this function:
a = Sprintf("%d+%d=%d", 1, 2, 3) fmt.Println(a) // 1+2=3
In this code snippet, the format is passed with three integer variables 1, 2, and 3. The %d integer escape character in format is replaced by the integer values, and the Sprintf function returns the result after replacement, 1+2=3.
Also, note that when using strconv.Atoi() to convert an integer to a string, the function returns two values, the converted integer val and the error code err. Because in Go, if you declare a variable, you must use it, we can use an underscore _ to comment out the err variable.
When strconv.Atoi() converts correctly, err returns nil. When an error occurs during conversion, err returns the error message, and the value of val will be 0. You can change the value of string a and replace the underscore with a normal variable to try it yourself.
The simplest way to concatenate two or more strings is to use the + symbol. We can also use the fmt.Sprintf() function to concatenate strings. Let's take a look at an example:
package main import ( "fmt" ) func main() { a, b := "lan", "qiao" // Concatenate using the simplest method, + c1 := a + b // Concatenate using the Sprintf function c2 := fmt.Sprintf("%s%s", a, b) fmt.Println(a, b, c1, c2) // lan qiao labex labex }
The expected output is as follows:
lan qiao labex labex
In the program, we also used the Sprintf() function from the fmt package to concatenate strings and print the results.
We can use the strings.TrimSpace function to remove leading and trailing spaces from a string. The function takes a string as input and returns the string with leading and trailing spaces removed. The format is as follows:
func TrimSpace(s string) string
Here is an example:
package main import ( "fmt" "strings" ) func main() { a := " \t \n labex \n \t hangzhou" fmt.Println(strings.TrimSpace(a)) }
The expected output is as follows:
labex hangzhou
To summarize what we've learned in this lesson:
In this lesson, we explained the strings we use in daily life. We've learned about the relationship between strings and characters, mastered string creation and declaration, and gained some knowledge of common string functions.
In the next lesson, we will learn about constants.
? Practice Now: Go String Fundamentals
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