Comment installer un logiciel et définir des variables d'environnement avec des droits d'utilisateur non root ?

Répertoire d'articles

Situation

Utilisez l'utilisateur rootLinux utilise la commande de compression de l'utilisateur rootLinux Étant donné que les autorisations sont suffisamment grandes, tout peut être fait facilement

.

Qu'en est-il du système Linux lorsque les utilisateurs non root ont de faibles autorisations ? Même yuminstall ne peut pas être utilisé, alors comment installer le logiciel

Installer le package RPM

1. Prenons l'exemple de l'installation de l'outil wget

Téléchargez d'abord un package wget rpm sur le navigateur Windows

http://www.rpmfind.net/linux/centos/7.9.2009/os/x86_64/Packages/wget-1.14-18.el7_6.1.x86_64.rpm

Simulez ensuite l'installation hors ligne

2. Connectez-vous au système Linux en utilisant un utilisateur non root

<span class="token comment"># 尝试安装yumdownloader，不行的，需要root权限</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>nim01@svngit root<span class="token punctuation">]</span>$ yum <span class="token function">install</span> yumdownloader
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
You need to be root to perform this command.
<span class="token comment"># 尝试执行wget命令，不行，没有安装</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>nim01@svngit root<span class="token punctuation">]</span>$ <span class="token function">wget</span>
bash: wget: <span class="token function">command</span> not found
<span class="token comment"># 尝试安装wget，不行的，需要root权限</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>nim01@svngit root<span class="token punctuation">]</span>$ yum <span class="token function">install</span> <span class="token function">wget</span>
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
You need to be root to perform this command.

Téléchargez le package wget.***.rpm que nous avons téléchargé sur le système Linux

Last login: Wed Dec2 09:44:05 2020
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>nim01@svngit ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span>$ <span class="token function">pwd</span>
/home/nim01
<span class="token comment"># root已经安装lrzsz了，直接上传</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>nim01@svngit ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span>$ rz
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>nim01@svngit ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span>$ ll
total 548
-rw-r--r--. 1 nim01 nim01 560272 Dec22020 wget-1.14-18.el7_6.1.x86_64.rpm

3. Installez le package RPM

Extraire des fichiers

<span class="token comment"># 执行下面指令，从安装包中提取文件</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>nim01@svngit ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span>$ rpm2cpio wget-1.14-18.el7_6.1.x86_64.rpm <span class="token operator">|</span> cpio -idvm
./etc/wgetrc
./usr/bin/wget
./usr/share/doc/wget-1.14
./usr/share/doc/wget-1.14/AUTHORS
./usr/share/doc/wget-1.14/COPYING
./usr/share/doc/wget-1.14/MAILING-LIST
./usr/share/doc/wget-1.14/NEWS
./usr/share/doc/wget-1.14/README
./usr/share/doc/wget-1.14/sample.wgetrc
./usr/share/info/wget.info.gz
./usr/share/locale/be/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/bg/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/ca/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/cs/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/da/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/de/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/el/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/en_GB/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/eo/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/es/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/et/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/eu/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/fi/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/fr/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/ga/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/gl/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/he/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/hr/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/hu/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/id/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/it/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/ja/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/lt/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/nb/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/nl/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/pl/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/pt/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/pt_BR/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/ro/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/ru/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/sk/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/sl/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/sr/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/sv/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/tr/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/uk/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/vi/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/zh_CN/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/locale/zh_TW/LC_MESSAGES/wget.mo
./usr/share/man/man1/wget.1.gz
4030 blocks

Voir

<span class="token comment"># 提取完之后，当前目录多了etc和usr两个目录</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>nim01@svngit ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span>$ ll
total 548
drwxrwxr-x. 2 nim01 nim01 20 Dec2 10:13 etc
drwxrwxr-x. 4 nim01 nim01 30 Dec2 10:13 usr
-rw-r--r--. 1 nim01 nim01 560272 Dec22020 wget-1.14-18.el7_6.1.x86_64.rpm

Voir

<span class="token comment"># 进入usr/bin目录，可以看到可执行的wget文件</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>nim01@svngit ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span>$ <span class="token function">cd</span> usr/
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>nim01@svngit usr<span class="token punctuation">]</span>$ ll
total 0
drwxrwxr-x. 2 nim01 nim01 18 Dec2 10:13 bin
drwxrwxr-x. 6 nim01 nim01 54 Dec2 10:13 share
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>nim01@svngit usr<span class="token punctuation">]</span>$ <span class="token function">cd</span> bin/
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>nim01@svngit bin<span class="token punctuation">]</span>$ ll
total 412
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 nim01 nim01 418776 May 162019 <span class="token function">wget</span>

4. Définir les variables d'environnement

Dans le répertoire personnel, modifiez directement le fichier .bashrc et abaissez le chemin du programme exécutable vers le PATH système

De cette façonlinux utilisant l'utilisateur root peut exécuter directement la commande wget

<span class="token comment"># .bashrc</span>
<span class="token comment"># Source global definitions</span>
<span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -f /etc/bashrc <span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token keyword">then</span>
<span class="token keyword">.</span> /etc/bashrc
<span class="token keyword">fi</span>
<span class="token comment"># Uncomment the following line if you don&#039;t like systemctl&#039;s auto-paging feature:</span>
<span class="token comment"># export SYSTEMD_PAGER=</span>
<span class="token comment"># User specific aliases and functions</span>
<span class="token function">export</span> PATH<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token variable">$PATH</span><span class="token keyword">:</span><span class="token variable">$HOME</span>/usr/bin

Après avoir enregistré et quitté

<span class="token comment"># 执行source，让修改生效</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>nim01@svngit ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span>$ <span class="token function">source</span> .bashrc
<span class="token comment"># 执行wget，可正常使用</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>nim01@svngit ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span>$ <span class="token function">wget</span>
wget: missing URL
Usage: <span class="token function">wget</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>OPTION<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span>. <span class="token punctuation">[</span>URL<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span>.
Try `wget --help&#039; <span class="token keyword">for</span> <span class="token function">more</span> options.

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