php先被Zend引擎编译为opcode,那么opcode又是如何被zend_execute执行的呢?最终是被编译为机器码了吗?具体过程是如何的?
回复内容:
既然题主提到了Zend那么这个问题是特指Zend Engine所实现的PHP,而不指任何其它实现(例如HHVM、Hippy、Quercus或JPHP)。到PHP 7.0为止,Zend Engine的正式发行的版本从来都是通过解释器实现(*)。Zend的字节码指令一条条进入解释器,一条条字节码指令被其opcode对应的C语言写的函数所执行。就这么简单。
简易工作流程:
[ PHP源码 ]
=> 词法分析 / 语法分析 -> [ 抽象语法树(AST) ]
=> 字节码编译器 -> [ Zend字节码(指令集为 Zend opcodes) ]
=> 字节码解释器 -> [ 程序运行结果 ]
具体解释器是如何从opcode分派到其对应的函数,Zend Engine可以配置使用几种不同的方式:call threading、switch threading、computed goto threading。这些名字分别是什么意思,请参考这篇文章:Threaded Code
以最简单的switch-threading举例,这种解释器的基本形式就是这样的:
<span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TRUE</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">opcode</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">program_counter</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">switch</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">opcode</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">case</span> <span class="nl">ZEND_ADD</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="c1">// execute add ...</span>
<span class="n">program_counter</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="c1">// next opcode</span>
<span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">case</span> <span class="nl">ZEND_SUB</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="c1">// execute sub ...</span>
<span class="n">program_counter</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="c1">// next opcode</span>
<span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="c1">// ...</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
PHP源码 ==(interpreter)==> opcode(PHP: Zend Engine 2 Opcodes,理解成汇编) ==(zend engine)==> 机器码
计算机只能执行机器码,但是并不是把PHP代码直接转为机器码执行,而是转化为一条条的opcode,其实opcode对应的是一个C函数,执行一条opcode就是执行这条opcode对应的C函数,而这个C函数已经被编译为机器码了

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