我们熟悉了对象和类的基本概念。我们将进一步拓展,以便能实际运用对象和类。
调用类的其它信息
上一讲中提到,在定义方法时,必须有self这一参数。这个参数表示某个对象。对象拥有类的所有性质,那么我们可以通过self,调用类属性。
代码如下:
class Human(object):
laugh = 'hahahaha'
def show_laugh(self):
print self.laugh
def laugh_100th(self):
for i in range(100):
self.show_laugh()
li_lei = Human()
li_lei.laugh_100th()
这里有一个类属性laugh。在方法show_laugh()中,通过self.laugh,调用了该属性的值。
还可以用相同的方式调用其它方法。方法show_laugh(),在方法laugh_100th中()被调用。
通过对象可以修改类属性值。但这是危险的。类属性被所有同一类及其子类的对象共享。类属性值的改变会影响所有的对象。
__init__()方法
__init__()是一个特殊方法(special method)。Python有一些特殊方法。Python会特殊的对待它们。特殊方法的特点是名字前后有两个下划线。
如果你在类中定义了__init__()这个方法,创建对象时,Python会自动调用这个方法。这个过程也叫初始化。
代码如下:
class happyBird(Bird):
def __init__(self,more_words):
print 'We are happy birds.',more_words
summer = happyBird('Happy,Happy!')
这里继承了Bird类,它的定义见上一讲。
屏幕上打印:
代码如下:
We are happy birds.Happy,Happy!
我们看到,尽管我们只是创建了summer对象,但__init__()方法被自动调用了。最后一行的语句(summer = happyBird...)先创建了对象,然后执行:
代码如下:
summer.__init__(more_words)
'Happy,Happy!' 被传递给了__init__()的参数more_words
对象的性质
我们讲到了许多属性,但这些属性是类的属性。所有属于该类的对象会共享这些属性。比如说,鸟都有羽毛,鸡都不会飞。
在一些情况下,我们定义对象的性质,用于记录该对象的特别信息。比如说,人这个类。性别是某个人的一个性质,不是所有的人类都是男,或者都是女。这个性质的值随着对象的不同而不同。李雷是人类的一个对象,性别是男;韩美美也是人类的一个对象,性别是女。
当定义类的方法时,必须要传递一个self的参数。这个参数指代的就是类的一个对象。我们可以通过操纵self,来修改某个对象的性质。比如用类来新建一个对象,即下面例子中的li_lei, 那么li_lei就被self表示。我们通过赋值给self.attribute,给li_lei这一对象增加一些性质,比如说性别的男女。self会传递给各个方法。在方法内部,可以通过引用self.attribute,查询或修改对象的性质。
这样,在类属性的之外,又给每个对象增添了各自特色的性质,从而能描述多样的世界。
代码如下:
class Human(object):
def __init__(self, input_gender):
self.gender = input_gender
def printGender(self):
print self.gender
li_lei = Human('male') # 这里,'male'作为参数传递给__init__()方法的input_gender变量。
print li_lei.gender
li_lei.printGender()
在初始化中,将参数input_gender,赋值给对象的性质,即self.gender。
li_lei拥有了对象性质gender。gender不是一个类属性。Python在建立了li_lei这一对象之后,使用li_lei.gender这一对象性质,专门储存属于对象li_lei的特有信息。
对象的性质也可以被其它方法调用,调用方法与类属性的调用相似,正如在printGender()方法中的调用。
总结
通过self调用类属性
__init__(): 在建立对象时自动执行
类属性和对象的性质的区别

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