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HomeBackend DevelopmentPython TutorialPython中Collection的使用小技巧

本文所述实例来自独立软件开发者 Alex Marandon,在他的博客中曾介绍了数个关于 Python Collection 的实用小技巧,在此与大家分享。供大家学习借鉴之用。具体如下:

1.判断一个 list 是否为空

传统的方式:

if len(mylist):
  # Do something with my list
else:
  # The list is empty

由于一个空 list 本身等同于 False,所以可以直接:

if mylist:
  # Do something with my list
else:
  # The list is empty

2.遍历 list 的同时获取索引

传统的方式:

i = 0
for element in mylist:
  # Do something with i and element
  i += 1

这样更简洁些:

for i, element in enumerate(mylist):
  # Do something with i and element
  pass

3.list 排序

在包含某元素的列表中依据某个属性排序是一个很常见的操作。例如这里我们先创建一个包含 person 的 list:

class Person(object):
  def __init__(self, age):
    self.age = age
 
persons = [Person(age) for age in (14, 78, 42)]

传统的方式是:

def get_sort_key(element):
  return element.age
 
for element in sorted(persons, key=get_sort_key):
  print "Age:", element.age

更加简洁、可读性更好的方法是使用 Python 标准库中的 operator 模块:

from operator import attrgetter
 
for element in sorted(persons, key=attrgetter('age')):
  print "Age:", element.age

attrgetter 方法优先返回读取的属性值作为参数传递给 sorted 方法。operator 模块还包括 itemgetter 和 methodcaller 方法,作用如其字面含义。

4.在 Dictionary 中元素分组

和上面类似,先创建 Persons:

class Person(object):
  def __init__(self, age):
    self.age = age
 
persons = [Person(age) for age in (78, 14, 78, 42, 14)]

如果现在我们要按照年龄分组的话,一种方法是使用 in 操作符:

persons_by_age = {}
 
for person in persons:
  age = person.age
  if age in persons_by_age:
    persons_by_age[age].append(person)
  else:
    persons_by_age[age] = [person]
 
assert len(persons_by_age[78]) == 2

相比较之下,使用 collections 模块中 defaultdict 方法的途径可读性更好:

from collections import defaultdict
 
persons_by_age = defaultdict(list)
 
for person in persons:
  persons_by_age[person.age].append(person)

defaultdict 将会利用接受的参数为每个不存在的 key 创建对应的值,这里我们传递的是 list,所以它将为每个 key 创建一个 list 类型的值。

本文示例仅为程序框架,具体功能还需要读者根据自身应用环境加以完善。希望本文所述实例对大家学习Python能起到一定的帮助作用。

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