本文实例讲述了Python实现Linux下守护进程的编写方法,分享给大家供大家参考,相信对于大家的Python程序设计会起到一定的帮助作用。具体方法如下:
1. 调用fork()以便父进程可以退出,这样就将控制权归还给运行你程序的命令行或shell程序。需要这一步以便保证新进程不是一个进程组头领进程(process group leader)。下一步,‘setsid()',会因为你是进程组头领进程而失败。进程调用fork函数时,操作系统会新建一个子进程,它本质上与父进程完全相同。子进程从父进程继承了多个值的拷贝,比如全局变量和环境变量。两个进程唯一的区别就是fork的返回值。child(子)进程接收返回值为0,而父进程接收子进程的pid作为返回值。调用fork函数后,两个进程并发执行同一个程序,首先执行的是调用了fork之后的下一行代码。父进程和子进程既并发执行,又相互独立;也就是说,它们是“异步执行”的。
2. 调用‘setsid()' 以便成为一个进程组和会话组的头领进程。由于一个控制终端与一个会话相关联,而且这个新会话还没有获得一个控制终端,我们的进程没有控制终端,这对于守护程序来说是一件好事。
3. 再次调用‘fork()'所以父进程(会话组头领进程)可以退出。这意味着我们,一个非会话组头领进程永远不能重新获得控制终端。
4. 调用‘chdir("/")'确认我们的进程不保持任何目录于使用状态。不做这个会导致系统管理员不能卸装(umount)一个文件系统,因为它是我们的当前工作目录。 [类似的,我们可以改变当前目录至对于守护程序运行重要的文件所在目录]
5. 调用‘umask(0)'以便我们拥有对于我们写的任何东西的完全控制。我们不知道我们继承了什么样的umask。 [这一步是可选的](译者注:这里指步骤5,因为守护程序不一定需要写文件)
6. 调用‘close()'关闭文件描述符0,1和2。这样我们释放了从父进程继承的标准输入,标准输出,和标准错误输出。我们没办法知道这些文描述符符可能已经被重定向去哪里。注意到许多守护程序使用‘sysconf()'来确认‘_SC_OPEN_MAX'的限制。‘_SC_OPEN_MAX'告诉你每个进程能够打开的最多文件数。然后使用一个循环,守护程序可以关闭所有可能的文件描述符。你必须决定你需要做这个或不做。如果你认为有可能有打开的文件描述符,你需要关闭它们,因为系统有一个同时打开文件数的限制。
7. 为标准输入,标准输出和标准错误输出建立新的文件描述符。即使你不打算使用它们,打开着它们不失为一个好主意。准确操作这些描述符是基于各自爱好;比如说,如果你有一个日志文件,你可能希望把它作为标准输出和标准错误输出打开,而把‘/dev/null'作为标准输入打开;作为替代方法,你可以将‘/dev/console'作为标准错误输出和/或标准输出打开,而‘/dev/null'作为标准输入,或者任何其它对你的守护程序有意义的结合方法。(译者注:一般使用dup2函数原子化关闭和复制文件描述符。
实现代码如下:
# Core modules importatexit importos importsys importtime importsignal classDaemon(object): """ A generic daemon class. Usage: subclass the Daemon class and override the run() method """ def __init__(self, pidfile, stdin=os.devnull, stdout=os.devnull, stderr=os.devnull, home_dir='.', umask=022, verbose=1): self.stdin = stdin self.stdout = stdout self.stderr = stderr self.pidfile = pidfile self.home_dir = home_dir self.verbose = verbose self.umask = umask self.daemon_alive = True def daemonize(self): """ Do the UNIX double-fork magic, see Stevens' "Advanced Programming in the UNIX Environment" for details (ISBN 0201563177) """ try: pid = os.fork() if pid > 0: # Exit first parent sys.exit(0) except OSError, e: sys.stderr.write( "fork #1 failed: %d (%s)\n" % (e.errno, e.strerror)) sys.exit(1) # Decouple from parent environment os.chdir(self.home_dir) os.setsid() os.umask(self.umask) # Do second fork try: pid = os.fork() if pid > 0: # Exit from second parent sys.exit(0) except OSError, e: sys.stderr.write( "fork #2 failed: %d (%s)\n" % (e.errno, e.strerror)) sys.exit(1) if sys.platform != 'darwin': # This block breaks on OS X # Redirect standard file descriptors sys.stdout.flush() sys.stderr.flush() si = file(self.stdin, 'r') so = file(self.stdout, 'a+') if self.stderr: se = file(self.stderr, 'a+', 0) else: se = so os.dup2(si.fileno(), sys.stdin.fileno()) os.dup2(so.fileno(), sys.stdout.fileno()) os.dup2(se.fileno(), sys.stderr.fileno()) def sigtermhandler(signum, frame): self.daemon_alive = False signal.signal(signal.SIGTERM, sigtermhandler) signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, sigtermhandler) if self.verbose >= 1: print "Started" # Write pidfile atexit.register( self.delpid) # Make sure pid file is removed if we quit pid = str(os.getpid()) file(self.pidfile, 'w+').write("%s\n" % pid) def delpid(self): os.remove(self.pidfile) def start(self, *args, **kwargs): """ Start the daemon """ if self.verbose >= 1: print "Starting..." # Check for a pidfile to see if the daemon already runs try: pf = file(self.pidfile, 'r') pid = int(pf.read().strip()) pf.close() except IOError: pid = None except SystemExit: pid = None if pid: message = "pidfile %s already exists. Is it already running?\n" sys.stderr.write(message % self.pidfile) sys.exit(1) # Start the daemon self.daemonize() self.run(*args, **kwargs) def stop(self): """ Stop the daemon """ if self.verbose >= 1: print "Stopping..." # Get the pid from the pidfile pid = self.get_pid() if not pid: message = "pidfile %s does not exist. Not running?\n" sys.stderr.write(message % self.pidfile) # Just to be sure. A ValueError might occur if the PID file is # empty but does actually exist if os.path.exists(self.pidfile): os.remove(self.pidfile) return # Not an error in a restart # Try killing the daemon process try: i = 0 while 1: os.kill(pid, signal.SIGTERM) time.sleep(0.1) i = i + 1 if i % 10 == 0: os.kill(pid, signal.SIGHUP) except OSError, err: err = str(err) if err.find("No such process") > 0: if os.path.exists(self.pidfile): os.remove(self.pidfile) else: print str(err) sys.exit(1) if self.verbose >= 1: print "Stopped" def restart(self): """ Restart the daemon """ self.stop() self.start() def get_pid(self): try: pf = file(self.pidfile, 'r') pid = int(pf.read().strip()) pf.close() except IOError: pid = None except SystemExit: pid = None return pid def is_running(self): pid = self.get_pid() print(pid) return pid and os.path.exists('/proc/%d' % pid) def run(self): """ You should override this method when you subclass Daemon. It will be called after the process has been daemonized by start() or restart(). """
感兴趣的读者可以调试运行一下本文实例代码,相信会有新的收获。

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