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HomeBackend DevelopmentPython TutorialPython中设置变量访问权限的方法

在Class内部,可以有属性和方法,而外部代码可以通过直接调用实例变量的方法来操作数据,这样,就隐藏了内部的复杂逻辑。

但是,从前面Student类的定义来看,外部代码还是可以自由地修改一个实例的name、score属性:

>>> bart = Student('Bart Simpson', 98)
>>> bart.score
98
>>> bart.score = 59
>>> bart.score
59

如果要让内部属性不被外部访问,可以把属性的名称前加上两个下划线__,在Python中,实例的变量名如果以__开头,就变成了一个私有变量(private),只有内部可以访问,外部不能访问,所以,我们把Student类改一改:

class Student(object):

 def __init__(self, name, score):
  self.__name = name
  self.__score = score

 def print_score(self):
  print '%s: %s' % (self.__name, self.__score)

改完后,对于外部代码来说,没什么变动,但是已经无法从外部访问实例变量.__name和实例变量.__score了:

>>> bart = Student('Bart Simpson', 98)
>>> bart.__name
Traceback (most recent call last):
 File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'Student' object has no attribute '__name'

这样就确保了外部代码不能随意修改对象内部的状态,这样通过访问限制的保护,代码更加健壮。

但是如果外部代码要获取name和score怎么办?可以给Student类增加get_name和get_score这样的方法:

class Student(object):
 ...

 def get_name(self):
  return self.__name

 def get_score(self):
  return self.__score

如果又要允许外部代码修改score怎么办?可以给Student类增加set_score方法:

class Student(object):
 ...

 def set_score(self, score):
  self.__score = score

你也许会问,原先那种直接通过bart.score = 59也可以修改啊,为什么要定义一个方法大费周折?因为在方法中,可以对参数做检查,避免传入无效的参数:

class Student(object):
 ...

 def set_score(self, score):
  if 0 <= score <= 100:
   self.__score = score
  else:
   raise ValueError('bad score')

需要注意的是,在Python中,变量名类似__xxx__的,也就是以双下划线开头,并且以双下划线结尾的,是特殊变量,特殊变量是可以直接访问的,不是private变量,所以,不能用__name__、__score__这样的变量名。

有些时候,你会看到以一个下划线开头的实例变量名,比如_name,这样的实例变量外部是可以访问的,但是,按照约定俗成的规定,当你看到这样的变量时,意思就是,“虽然我可以被访问,但是,请把我视为私有变量,不要随意访问”。

双下划线开头的实例变量是不是一定不能从外部访问呢?其实也不是。不能直接访问__name是因为Python解释器对外把__name变量改成了_Student__name,所以,仍然可以通过_Student__name来访问__name变量:

>>> bart._Student__name
'Bart Simpson'

但是强烈建议你不要这么干,因为不同版本的Python解释器可能会把__name改成不同的变量名。

总的来说就是,Python本身没有任何机制阻止你干坏事,一切全靠自觉。

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