search
HomeBackend DevelopmentPython TutorialPython functools模块学习总结

文档 地址

functools.partial

作用:

functools.partial 通过包装手法,允许我们 "重新定义" 函数签名

用一些默认参数包装一个可调用对象,返回结果是可调用对象,并且可以像原始对象一样对待

冻结部分函数位置函数或关键字参数,简化函数,更少更灵活的函数参数调用

代码如下:


#args/keywords 调用partial时参数
def partial(func, *args, **keywords):
    def newfunc(*fargs, **fkeywords):
        newkeywords = keywords.copy()
        newkeywords.update(fkeywords)
        return func(*(args + fargs), **newkeywords) #合并,调用原始函数,此时用了partial的参数
    newfunc.func = func
    newfunc.args = args
    newfunc.keywords = keywords
    return newfunc


声明:

代码如下:


urlunquote = functools.partial(urlunquote, encoding='latin1')


当调用 urlunquote(args, *kargs)

相当于 urlunquote(args, *kargs, encoding='latin1')

E.g:

代码如下:


import functools

def add(a, b):
    return a + b

add(4, 2)
6

plus3 = functools.partial(add, 3)
plus5 = functools.partial(add, 5)

plus3(4)
7
plus3(7)
10

plus5(10)
15

应用:

典型的,函数在执行时,要带上所有必要的参数进行调用。

然后,有时参数可以在函数被调用之前提前获知。

这种情况下,一个函数有一个或多个参数预先就能用上,以便函数能用更少的参数进行调用。

functool.update_wrapper

默认partial对象没有__name__和__doc__, 这种情况下,对于装饰器函数非常难以debug.使用update_wrapper(),从原始对象拷贝或加入现有partial对象

它可以把被封装函数的__name__、module、__doc__和 __dict__都复制到封装函数去(模块级别常量WRAPPER_ASSIGNMENTS, WRAPPER_UPDATES)

代码如下:


>>> functools.WRAPPER_ASSIGNMENTS
('__module__', '__name__', '__doc__')
>>> functools.WRAPPER_UPDATES
('__dict__',)


这个函数主要用在装饰器函数中,装饰器返回函数反射得到的是包装函数的函数定义而不是原始函数定义

代码如下:


#!/usr/bin/env python
# encoding: utf-8

def wrap(func):
    def call_it(*args, **kwargs):
        """wrap func: call_it"""
        print 'before call'
        return func(*args, **kwargs)
    return call_it

@wrap
def hello():
    """say hello"""
    print 'hello world'

from functools import update_wrapper
def wrap2(func):
    def call_it(*args, **kwargs):
        """wrap func: call_it2"""
        print 'before call'
        return func(*args, **kwargs)
    return update_wrapper(call_it, func)

@wrap2
def hello2():
    """test hello"""
    print 'hello world2'

if __name__ == '__main__':
    hello()
    print hello.__name__
    print hello.__doc__

    print
    hello2()
    print hello2.__name__
    print hello2.__doc__

得到结果:

代码如下:


before call
hello world
call_it
wrap func: call_it

before call
hello world2
hello2
test hello

functool.wraps

调用函数装饰器partial(update_wrapper, wrapped=wrapped, assigned=assigned, updated=updated)的简写

代码如下:


from functools import wraps
def wrap3(func):
    @wraps(func)
    def call_it(*args, **kwargs):
        """wrap func: call_it2"""
        print 'before call'
        return func(*args, **kwargs)
    return call_it

@wrap3
def hello3():
    """test hello 3"""
    print 'hello world3'


结果

代码如下:


before call
hello world3
hello3
test hello 3

functools.reduce

代码如下:


functools.reduce(function, iterable[, initializer])


等同于内置函数reduce()

用这个的原因是使代码更兼容(python3)

functools.cmp_to_key

functools.cmp_to_key(func)
将老式鼻尖函数转换成key函数,用在接受key函数的方法中(such as sorted(), min(), max(), heapq.nlargest(), heapq.nsmallest(), itertools.groupby())

一个比较函数,接收两个参数,小于,返回负数,等于,返回0,大于返回整数

key函数,接收一个参数,返回一个表明该参数在期望序列中的位置

例如:

代码如下:


sorted(iterable, key=cmp_to_key(locale.strcoll))  # locale-aware sort order

functools.total_ordering

代码如下:


functools.total_ordering(cls)


这个装饰器是在python2.7的时候加上的,它是针对某个类如果定义了__lt__、le、gt、__ge__这些方法中的至少一个,使用该装饰器,则会自动的把其他几个比较函数也实现在该类中

代码如下:


@total_ordering
class Student:
    def __eq__(self, other):
        return ((self.lastname.lower(), self.firstname.lower()) ==
                (other.lastname.lower(), other.firstname.lower()))
    def __lt__(self, other):
        return ((self.lastname.lower(), self.firstname.lower())                 (other.lastname.lower(), other.firstname.lower()))
print dir(Student)


得到

代码如下:


['__doc__', '__eq__', '__ge__', '__gt__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__']

Statement
The content of this article is voluntarily contributed by netizens, and the copyright belongs to the original author. This site does not assume corresponding legal responsibility. If you find any content suspected of plagiarism or infringement, please contact admin@php.cn
Python's Execution Model: Compiled, Interpreted, or Both?Python's Execution Model: Compiled, Interpreted, or Both?May 10, 2025 am 12:04 AM

Pythonisbothcompiledandinterpreted.WhenyourunaPythonscript,itisfirstcompiledintobytecode,whichisthenexecutedbythePythonVirtualMachine(PVM).Thishybridapproachallowsforplatform-independentcodebutcanbeslowerthannativemachinecodeexecution.

Is Python executed line by line?Is Python executed line by line?May 10, 2025 am 12:03 AM

Python is not strictly line-by-line execution, but is optimized and conditional execution based on the interpreter mechanism. The interpreter converts the code to bytecode, executed by the PVM, and may precompile constant expressions or optimize loops. Understanding these mechanisms helps optimize code and improve efficiency.

What are the alternatives to concatenate two lists in Python?What are the alternatives to concatenate two lists in Python?May 09, 2025 am 12:16 AM

There are many methods to connect two lists in Python: 1. Use operators, which are simple but inefficient in large lists; 2. Use extend method, which is efficient but will modify the original list; 3. Use the = operator, which is both efficient and readable; 4. Use itertools.chain function, which is memory efficient but requires additional import; 5. Use list parsing, which is elegant but may be too complex. The selection method should be based on the code context and requirements.

Python: Efficient Ways to Merge Two ListsPython: Efficient Ways to Merge Two ListsMay 09, 2025 am 12:15 AM

There are many ways to merge Python lists: 1. Use operators, which are simple but not memory efficient for large lists; 2. Use extend method, which is efficient but will modify the original list; 3. Use itertools.chain, which is suitable for large data sets; 4. Use * operator, merge small to medium-sized lists in one line of code; 5. Use numpy.concatenate, which is suitable for large data sets and scenarios with high performance requirements; 6. Use append method, which is suitable for small lists but is inefficient. When selecting a method, you need to consider the list size and application scenarios.

Compiled vs Interpreted Languages: pros and consCompiled vs Interpreted Languages: pros and consMay 09, 2025 am 12:06 AM

Compiledlanguagesofferspeedandsecurity,whileinterpretedlanguagesprovideeaseofuseandportability.1)CompiledlanguageslikeC arefasterandsecurebuthavelongerdevelopmentcyclesandplatformdependency.2)InterpretedlanguageslikePythonareeasiertouseandmoreportab

Python: For and While Loops, the most complete guidePython: For and While Loops, the most complete guideMay 09, 2025 am 12:05 AM

In Python, a for loop is used to traverse iterable objects, and a while loop is used to perform operations repeatedly when the condition is satisfied. 1) For loop example: traverse the list and print the elements. 2) While loop example: guess the number game until you guess it right. Mastering cycle principles and optimization techniques can improve code efficiency and reliability.

Python concatenate lists into a stringPython concatenate lists into a stringMay 09, 2025 am 12:02 AM

To concatenate a list into a string, using the join() method in Python is the best choice. 1) Use the join() method to concatenate the list elements into a string, such as ''.join(my_list). 2) For a list containing numbers, convert map(str, numbers) into a string before concatenating. 3) You can use generator expressions for complex formatting, such as ','.join(f'({fruit})'forfruitinfruits). 4) When processing mixed data types, use map(str, mixed_list) to ensure that all elements can be converted into strings. 5) For large lists, use ''.join(large_li

Python's Hybrid Approach: Compilation and Interpretation CombinedPython's Hybrid Approach: Compilation and Interpretation CombinedMay 08, 2025 am 12:16 AM

Pythonusesahybridapproach,combiningcompilationtobytecodeandinterpretation.1)Codeiscompiledtoplatform-independentbytecode.2)BytecodeisinterpretedbythePythonVirtualMachine,enhancingefficiencyandportability.

See all articles

Hot AI Tools

Undresser.AI Undress

Undresser.AI Undress

AI-powered app for creating realistic nude photos

AI Clothes Remover

AI Clothes Remover

Online AI tool for removing clothes from photos.

Undress AI Tool

Undress AI Tool

Undress images for free

Clothoff.io

Clothoff.io

AI clothes remover

Video Face Swap

Video Face Swap

Swap faces in any video effortlessly with our completely free AI face swap tool!

Hot Tools

Atom editor mac version download

Atom editor mac version download

The most popular open source editor

SecLists

SecLists

SecLists is the ultimate security tester's companion. It is a collection of various types of lists that are frequently used during security assessments, all in one place. SecLists helps make security testing more efficient and productive by conveniently providing all the lists a security tester might need. List types include usernames, passwords, URLs, fuzzing payloads, sensitive data patterns, web shells, and more. The tester can simply pull this repository onto a new test machine and he will have access to every type of list he needs.

SublimeText3 Mac version

SublimeText3 Mac version

God-level code editing software (SublimeText3)

SublimeText3 Chinese version

SublimeText3 Chinese version

Chinese version, very easy to use

DVWA

DVWA

Damn Vulnerable Web App (DVWA) is a PHP/MySQL web application that is very vulnerable. Its main goals are to be an aid for security professionals to test their skills and tools in a legal environment, to help web developers better understand the process of securing web applications, and to help teachers/students teach/learn in a classroom environment Web application security. The goal of DVWA is to practice some of the most common web vulnerabilities through a simple and straightforward interface, with varying degrees of difficulty. Please note that this software