1.isinstance函数:除了以一个类型作为参数,还可以以一个类型元组作为参数。
isinstance(obj,basestring)===isinstance(obj,(str,unicode))
2.getattr函数:可以给一个默认值,以免触发错误。
writte=getattr(obj,'write',sys.stdout.write)
3.type函数:即可以得到一个对象的类型,也可以直接由它创建一个新类型:
>>> Point=type('Point',(object,),{'x':0,'y':0}) >>> p=Point() >>> p.x,p.y (0, 0) >>> p=Point(3,8) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#55>", line 1, in <module> p=Point(3,8) TypeError: object() takes no parameters >>> pprint.pprint(dir(Point)) ['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__doc__', '__format__', '__getattribute__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__module__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', 'x', 'y'] >>> p.name='source point' >>> p.name 'source point' >>> pprint.pprint(dir(p)) ['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__doc__', '__format__', '__getattribute__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__module__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', 'name', 'x', 'y'] >>> def tostr(self): return '(%s,%s)'%(self.x,self.y) >>> Point.__str__=tostr >>> print p (0,0) >>> def init(self,x,y): self.x,self.y=x,y >>> Point.__init__=init >>> p2=Point(6,8) >>> print p2 (6,8) >>>
4.issubclass(bool,int)==True
5.numbers.Number是所有数字类型的基类
6.type(None)==NoneType,None是一个常量
7.iter函数除了iter(object)形式,还有iter(callable,sentinel)也是返回一个iterator对象
>>> def getrand(): import random return random.randint(1,100) >>> for i in iter(getrand,50):print i,#获取第一次得到50之前的所有1-100的随机数 32 19 82 28 30 41 100 39 71 29 45 30 94 77 62 26 25 19 82 20 55 20 43 73 >>> for i in iter(getrand,50):print i,#获取第一次得到50之前的所有1-100的随机数 22 54 14 25 60 65 16 80 61 5 48 61 2 30 90 98 70 10 55 45 23 72 87 39 70 3 84 85 >>>
8.BaseException是一切exceptions的基类,Exception只是一切不exit的exceptions的基类
9.locals/globals/vars/dir:
[1]locals/globals很简单,是相对于当前作用域的本地/全局对象dict;
[2]vars()==locals(),vars(obj)==obj.__dict__
[3]没有参数,set(dir())==set(locals().keys());if hasattr(obj,'__dir__')=>dir(obj)==obj.__dir__();否则,如果obj是模块对象,dir(obj)返回的是模块的所有属性;如果obj是类对象,dir(obj)返回的是类的所有属性,然后是从基类继承来的属性;如果obj是实例对象,dir(obj)返回的是实例对象专有的属性、其所属类的属性、其所属类基类继承来的属性。【对类对象的任何修改,必将反映到其实例对象上;对基类的任何修改,也必将反映到派生类上。当然,属性遮蔽的情况除外。】
10.enumerate函数:enumerate(obj,[start]),如果定义了start,则序数将从start开始,而不是从默认的零开始。
>>> for i,name in enumerate(['C','C++','CSharp','Java','Python'],1): print '%d.%s'%(i,name) 1.C 2.C++ 3.CSharp 4.Java 5.Python >>>

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