有了db模块,操作数据库直接写SQL就很方便。但是,我们还缺少ORM。如果有了ORM,就可以用类似这样的语句获取User对象:
user = User.get('123')
而不是写SQL然后再转换成User对象:
u = db.select_one('select * from users where id=?', '123') user = User(**u)
所以我们开始编写ORM模块:transwarp.orm。
设计ORM接口
和设计db模块类似,设计ORM也是从上层调用者角度来设计。
我们先考虑如何定义一个User对象,然后把数据库表users和它关联起来。
from transwarp.orm import Model, StringField, IntegerField class User(Model): __table__ = 'users' id = IntegerField(primary_key=True) name = StringField()
注意到定义在User类中的__table__、id和name是类的属性,不是实例的属性。所以,在类级别上定义的属性用来描述User对象和表的映射关系,而实例属性必须通过__init__()方法去初始化,所以两者互不干扰:
# 创建实例: user = User(id=123, name='Michael') # 存入数据库: user.insert()
实现ORM模块
有了定义,我们就可以开始实现ORM模块。
首先要定义的是所有ORM映射的基类Model:
class Model(dict): __metaclass__ = ModelMetaclass def __init__(self, **kw): super(Model, self).__init__(**kw) def __getattr__(self, key): try: return self[key] except KeyError: raise AttributeError(r"'Dict' object has no attribute '%s'" % key) def __setattr__(self, key, value): self[key] = value
Model从dict继承,所以具备所有dict的功能,同时又实现了特殊方法__getattr__()和__setattr__(),所以又可以像引用普通字段那样写:
>>> user['id'] 123 >>> user.id 123
Model只是一个基类,如何将具体的子类如User的映射信息读取出来呢?答案就是通过metaclass:ModelMetaclass:
class ModelMetaclass(type): def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs): mapping = ... # 读取cls的Field字段 primary_key = ... # 查找primary_key字段 __table__ = cls.__talbe__ # 读取cls的__table__字段 # 给cls增加一些字段: attrs['__mapping__'] = mapping attrs['__primary_key__'] = __primary_key__ attrs['__table__'] = __table__ return type.__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs)
这样,任何继承自Model的类(比如User),会自动通过ModelMetaclass扫描映射关系,并存储到自身的class中。
然后,我们往Model类添加class方法,就可以让所有子类调用class方法:
class Model(dict): ... @classmethod def get(cls, pk): d = db.select_one('select * from %s where %s=?' % (cls.__table__, cls.__primary_key__.name), pk) return cls(**d) if d else None
User类就可以通过类方法实现主键查找:
user = User.get('123')
往Model类添加实例方法,就可以让所有子类调用实例方法:
class Model(dict): ... def insert(self): params = {} for k, v in self.__mappings__.iteritems(): params[v.name] = getattr(self, k) db.insert(self.__table__, **params) return self
这样,就可以把一个User实例存入数据库:
user = User(id=123, name='Michael') user.insert()
最后一步是完善ORM,对于查找,我们可以实现以下方法:
find_first() find_all() find_by()
对于count,可以实现:
count_all() count_by()
以及update()和delete()方法。
最后看看我们实现的ORM模块一共多少行代码?加上注释和doctest才仅仅300多行。用Python写一个ORM是不是很容易呢?

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