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Django框架中数据的连锁查询和限制返回数据的方法

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2016-06-06 11:14:011490browse

连锁查询

通常我们需要同时进行过滤和排序查询的操作。 因此,你可以简单地写成这种“链式”的形式:

>>> Publisher.objects.filter(country="U.S.A.").order_by("-name")
[<Publisher: O'Reilly>, <Publisher: Apress>]

你应该没猜错,转换成SQL查询就是 WHERE 和 ORDER BY 的组合:

SELECT id, name, address, city, state_province, country, website
FROM books_publisher
WHERE country = 'U.S.A'
ORDER BY name DESC;

限制返回的数据

另一个常用的需求就是取出固定数目的记录。 想象一下你有成千上万的出版商在你的数据库里, 但是你只想显示第一个。 你可以使用标准的Python列表裁剪语句:

>>> Publisher.objects.order_by('name')[0]
<Publisher: Apress>

这相当于:

SELECT id, name, address, city, state_province, country, website
FROM books_publisher
ORDER BY name
LIMIT 1;

类似的,你可以用Python的range-slicing语法来取出数据的特定子集:

>>> Publisher.objects.order_by('name')[0:2]

这个例子返回两个对象,等同于以下的SQL语句:

SELECT id, name, address, city, state_province, country, website
FROM books_publisher
ORDER BY name
OFFSET 0 LIMIT 2;

注意,不支持Python的负索引(negative slicing):

>>> Publisher.objects.order_by('name')[-1]
Traceback (most recent call last):
 ...
AssertionError: Negative indexing is not supported.

虽然不支持负索引,但是我们可以使用其他的方法。 比如,稍微修改 order_by() 语句来实现:

>>> Publisher.objects.order_by('-name')[0]


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