Introduction to Java Basics to Practical Applications: Practical Applications of Algorithms and Data Structures

Algorithms are a collection of steps to solve a problem, and data structures are organized ways of storing data in an orderly manner. They are crucial to writing efficient programs. Common types of algorithms include search, sorting, and graph theory algorithms. Data structure types include arrays, linked lists, stacks, queues, and sets. In practical applications, the stack can be used to solve the bracket matching problem, and the queue can be used to solve the producer-consumer problem.

Java Basics to Practical Application: Practical Application of Algorithms and Data Structures

What are algorithms and data structures?

An algorithm is a collection of steps to solve a specific problem, while a data structure is an organized way of storing and organizing data. They are essential for writing efficient and powerful programs.

Common algorithm types

• Search algorithm: Used to find elements in a data structure, such as linear search and binary search.
• Sort algorithm: Used to arrange data structures in a specific order, such as bubble sort and merge sort.
• Graph theory algorithms: Used to solve problems involving graphs and networks, such as depth-first search and breadth-first search.

Common data structure types

• Array: A set of elements organized by index.
• Linked list: A collection of elements connected together in a linear manner.
• Stack: A data structure that follows the last-in-first-out (LIFO) principle.
• Queue: A data structure that follows the first-in, first-out (FIFO) principle.
• Set: A data structure that stores unique elements, such as HashSet and TreeSet.

Practical case:

Use the stack to solve the bracket matching problem

Consider a program with various types A string of brackets, such as round brackets, square brackets, and curly brackets. To check if the string is valid (all brackets are in pairs and matched correctly) we can use the stack.

Java code:

import java.util.Stack;

public class BracketMatcher {

    public static boolean isBalanced(String str) {
        Stack<Character> stack = new Stack<>();
        for (char c : str.toCharArray()) {
            if (isOpen(c)) {
                stack.push(c);
            } else if (isClose(c)) {
                if (stack.isEmpty() || !isMatch(stack.pop(), c)) {
                    return false;
                }
            }
        }
        return stack.isEmpty();
    }

    private static boolean isOpen(char c) {
        return c == '(' || c == '[' || c == '{';
    }

    private static boolean isClose(char c) {
        return c == ')' || c == ']' || c == '}';
    }

    private static boolean isMatch(char open, char close) {
        return (open == '(' && close == ')') || (open == '[' && close == ']') || (open == '{' && close == '}');
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String str1 = "()[]{}";
        String str2 = "([)]";
        System.out.println(isBalanced(str1)); // true
        System.out.println(isBalanced(str2)); // false
    }
}

Use queues to solve the producer-consumer problem

Consider a producer and consumer Threads share a queue. Producer threads add items to the queue, and consumer threads remove items from the queue. To ensure thread safety and avoid race conditions, we can use queues.

Java code:

import java.util.concurrent.ArrayBlockingQueue;

public class ProducerConsumer {

    private ArrayBlockingQueue<Integer> queue;

    public ProducerConsumer(int capacity) {
        queue = new ArrayBlockingQueue<>(capacity);
    }

    // 生产者线程
    public void produce(int item) {
        try {
            queue.put(item);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

    // 消费者线程
    public int consume() {
        try {
            return queue.take();
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
            return -1; // 作为错误标志
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ProducerConsumer pc = new ProducerConsumer(5);

        new Thread(() -> {
            for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
                pc.produce(i);
            }
        }).start();

        new Thread(() -> {
            while (true) {
                int item = pc.consume();
                if (item == -1) {
                    break; // 队列为空
                }
                System.out.println("Consumed: " + item);
            }
        }).start();
    }
}

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