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HomeBackend DevelopmentC++C++ Function Call Generic Programming: Type Abstraction for Parameter Passing and Return Values

泛型编程可实现代码的类型抽象,包括参数传递和返回值类型抽象。参数传递抽象使用模板指定参数类型,如 template T sum(T a, T b),允许对不同类型进行求和。返回值抽象使用 auto 推断类型,如 template auto max(T a, T b) -> decltype(a > b ? a : b),可返回不同类型中较大值。这使得函数具有更大的灵活性,可以在不指定具体类型的情况下处理各种数据类型。

C++ 函数调用泛型编程:参数传递和返回值的类型抽象

C++ 函数调用泛型编程:参数传递和返回值的类型抽象

泛型编程是一种强大的技术,它允许您编写代码,而不指定特定的类型。在 C++ 中,您可以使用模板来实现泛型编程。模板是一个参数化的类或函数,稍后可以通过提供实际类型参数来实例化。

参数传递的类型抽象

考虑以下函数,它计算两个值的和:

int sum(int a, int b) {
  return a + b;
}

要对各种类型的值进行求和,我们可以使用泛型编程:

template<typename T>
T sum(T a, T b) {
  return a + b;
}

在这里,类型参数 T 表示参数和返回值的类型。当我们调用这个函数时,我们指定要使用的实际类型:

int sum_int = sum<int>(1, 2); // 求和两个整数
double sum_double = sum<double>(1.2, 3.4); // 求和两个浮点数

返回值的类型抽象

您还可以抽象返回值的类型。这对于创建具有通用返回值类型的函数非常有用。

考虑以下函数,它返回两个值中较大的一个:

int max(int a, int b) {
  return (a > b) ? a : b;
}

要实现一个返回任意类型中较大值(类型不一定是可比较的)的函数,我们可以:

template<typename T>
auto max(T a, T b) -> decltype(a > b ? a : b) {
  return (a > b) ? a : b;
}

这里,auto 关键字推断返回值的类型,decltype 指定条件表达式的类型。

实战案例

考虑使用泛型编程实现一个计算数组元素和的函数:

template<typename T>
T sum_array(const T* array, size_t size) {
  T sum = 0;
  for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
    sum += array[i];
  }
  return sum;
}

这个函数可以用于求任何类型数组的和,例如:

int sum_int_array[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
int sum_int = sum_array(sum_int_array, 5); // 求和一个整数数组

double sum_double_array[] = {1.2, 3.4, 5.6, 7.8, 9.0};
double sum_double = sum_array(sum_double_array, 5); // 求和一个浮点数数组

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