What are the best practices for interacting with databases in PHP functions?

Best practices for interacting with PHP databases: Use prepared statements to prevent SQL injection attacks and improve performance. Use transactions to ensure that a set of operations either all succeed or all fail. Handle errors to check for errors and take appropriate action. Release Resources to release resources associated with results and statements.

Best Practices for PHP Functions to Interact with Databases

Interacting with a database in PHP is a common task. To ensure performance, security, and maintainability, it's critical to follow some best practices.

1. Use prepared statements

Prepared statements can prevent SQL injection attacks and improve performance. They work by binding parameters to the SQL statement before the query is executed.

// 准备语句
$stmt = $mysqli->prepare("SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = ?");

// 绑定参数
$stmt->bind_param("s", $name);

// 执行语句
$stmt->execute();

2. Use transactions

Transactions ensure that a set of operations either all succeed or all fail. They are useful when data consistency needs to be ensured.

// 开始事务
$mysqli->begin_transaction();

// 执行操作
$mysqli->query("INSERT INTO orders (product_id, quantity) VALUES (100, 5)");
$mysqli->query("UPDATE products SET stock = stock - 5 WHERE id = 100");

// 提交事务或回滚
if ($mysqli->error) {
    $mysqli->rollback();
} else {
    $mysqli->commit();
}

3. Handling errors

PHP provides a variety of functions to handle MySQL errors. Always check for errors and take appropriate action as needed.

if ($mysqli->error) {
    echo "Error: " . $mysqli->error;
}

4. Release resources

After the query is completed, it is very important to release the resources associated with the results and statements.

// 释放查询结果
$result->close();

// 释放语句
$stmt->close();

Practical Example: Obtaining User Data

// 准备语句
$stmt = $mysqli->prepare("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = ?");

// 绑定参数
$stmt->bind_param("i", $id);

// 执行语句
$stmt->execute();

// 获取结果
$result = $stmt->get_result();

// 迭代结果
while ($row = $result->fetch_assoc()) {
    echo $row['name'] . "<br>";
}

// 释放资源
$result->close();
$stmt->close();

Following these best practices can help you write robust, secure, and maintainable PHP code to interact with your database.

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