How to handle errors efficiently in C++ functions?

Best practices for handling errors effectively in C functions include using exceptions to handle serious errors, such as program crashes or security vulnerabilities. Use error codes to handle non-fatal errors such as invalid input or failed file access. Use logging to record errors that are not fatal but need to be logged.

#How to handle errors effectively in a C function?

Handling errors efficiently in C is crucial. Unhandled errors can lead to program crashes, unexpected behavior, and even security vulnerabilities. Here are some best practices to help you handle errors efficiently:

1. Use exceptions

Exceptions are the standard mechanism for handling errors in C. An exception is a special object that is thrown from a function to indicate an error. The receiving function can use a try-catch block to catch exceptions and handle them.

For example:

int divide(int a, int b) {
  if (b == 0) {
    throw std::invalid_argument("Division by zero");
  }
  return a / b;
}

int main() {
  try {
    int result = divide(10, 2);
    std::cout << "Result: " << result << std::endl;
  } catch (const std::invalid_argument& e) {
    std::cout << "Error: " << e.what() << std::endl;
    return 1;
  }
  return 0;
}

2. Use error codes

For non-serious errors that do not need to terminate the program, you can use error codes. The error code is an integer value declared in the function signature that indicates the type of error.

For example:

enum ErrorCode {
  SUCCESS = 0,
  INVALID_ARGUMENT = 1,
  IO_ERROR = 2
};

int readFile(const std::string& filename) {
  std::ifstream file(filename);
  if (!file.is_open()) {
    return IO_ERROR;
  }
  // ...读取文件内容...
  return SUCCESS;
}

3. Use logs

For errors that are not serious enough to interrupt the program flow but still need to be logged, you can use logs Record. The logging framework allows you to write error information to a file or other persistent storage.

For example:

#include <iostream>
#include <spdlog/spdlog.h>

void doSomething() {
  try {
    // ...执行操作...
  } catch (const std::exception& e) {
    SPDLOG_ERROR("Error: {}", e.what());
  }
}

Practical case:

When operating a file, use the try-catch block to capturestd::ifstream::open std::ios_base::failure exception thrown by method:

std::string readFile(const std::string& filename) {
  std::ifstream file;
  try {
    file.open(filename);
    if (!file.is_open()) {
      throw std::ios_base::failure("Failed to open file");
    }
    // ...读取文件内容...
  } catch (const std::ios_base::failure& e) {
    return "Error: " + e.what();
  }
}

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