5.1 HTTP请求头概述
HTTP客户程序(例如浏览器),向服务器发送请求的时候必须指明请求类型(一般是GET或者POST)。如有必要,客户程序还可以选择发送其他的请求头。大多数请求头并不是必需的,但Content-Length除外。对于POST请求来说Content-Length必须出现。
下面是一些最常见的请求头:
Accept:浏览器可接受的MIME类型。
Accept-Charset:浏览器可接受的字符集。
Accept-Encoding:浏览器能够进行解码的数据编码方式,比如gzip。Servlet能够向支持gzip的浏览器返回经gzip编码的HTML页面。许多情形下这可以减少5到10倍的下载时间。
Accept-Language:浏览器所希望的语言种类,当服务器能够提供一种以上的语言版本时要用到。
Authorization:授权信息,通常出现在对服务器发送的WWW-Authenticate头的应答中。
Connection:表示是否需要持久连接。如果Servlet看到这里的值为“Keep-Alive”,或者看到请求使用的是HTTP 1.1(HTTP 1.1默认进行持久连接),它就可以利用持久连接的优点,当页面包含多个元素时(例如Applet,图片),显著地减少下载所需要的时间。要实现这一点,Servlet需要在应答中发送一个Content-Length头,最简单的实现方法是:先把内容写入ByteArrayOutputStream,然后在正式写出内容之前计算它的大小。
Content-Length:表示请求消息正文的长度。
Cookie:这是最重要的请求头信息之一,参见后面《Cookie处理》一章中的讨论。
From:请求发送者的email地址,由一些特殊的Web客户程序使用,浏览器不会用到它。
Host:初始URL中的主机和端口。
If-Modified-Since:只有当所请求的内容在指定的日期之后又经过修改才返回它,否则返回304“Not Modified”应答。
Pragma:指定“no-cache”值表示服务器必须返回一个刷新后的文档,即使它是代理服务器而且已经有了页面的本地拷贝。
Referer:包含一个URL,用户从该URL代表的页面出发访问当前请求的页面。
User-Agent:浏览器类型,如果Servlet返回的内容与浏览器类型有关则该值非常有用。
UA-Pixels,UA-Color,UA-OS,UA-CPU:由某些版本的IE浏览器所发送的非标准的请求头,表示屏幕大小、颜色深度、操作系统和CPU类型。
有关HTTP头完整、详细的说明,请参见http://www.w3.org/Protocols/的HTTP规范。
5.2 在Servlet中读取请求头
在Servlet中读取HTTP头是非常方便的,只需要调用一下HttpServletRequest的getHeader方法即可。如果客户请求中提供了指定的头信息,getHeader返回对应的字符串;否则,返回null。部分头信息经常要用到,它们有专用的访问方法:getCookies方法返回Cookie头的内容,经解析后存放在Cookie对象的数组中,请参见后面有关Cookie章节的讨论;getAuthType和getRemoteUser方法分别读取Authorization头中的一部分内容;getDateHeader和getIntHeader方法读取指定的头,然后返回日期值或整数值。
除了读取指定的头之外,利用getHeaderNames还可以得到请求中所有头名字的一个Enumeration对象。
最后,除了查看请求头信息之外,我们还可以从请求主命令行获得一些信息。getMethod方法返回请求方法,请求方法通常是GET或者POST,但也有可能是HEAD、PUT或者DELETE。getRequestURI方法返回URI(URI是URL的从主机和端口之后到表单数据之前的那一部分)。getRequestProtocol返回请求命令的第三部分,一般是“HTTP/1.0”或者“HTTP/1.1”。
5.3 实例:输出所有的请求头
下面的Servlet实例把所有接收到的请求头和它的值以表格的形式输出。另外,该Servlet还会输出主请求命令的三个部分:请求方法,URI,协议/版本。

InnoDBBufferPool reduces disk I/O by caching data and indexing pages, improving database performance. Its working principle includes: 1. Data reading: Read data from BufferPool; 2. Data writing: After modifying the data, write to BufferPool and refresh it to disk regularly; 3. Cache management: Use the LRU algorithm to manage cache pages; 4. Reading mechanism: Load adjacent data pages in advance. By sizing the BufferPool and using multiple instances, database performance can be optimized.

Compared with other programming languages, MySQL is mainly used to store and manage data, while other languages such as Python, Java, and C are used for logical processing and application development. MySQL is known for its high performance, scalability and cross-platform support, suitable for data management needs, while other languages have advantages in their respective fields such as data analytics, enterprise applications, and system programming.

MySQL is worth learning because it is a powerful open source database management system suitable for data storage, management and analysis. 1) MySQL is a relational database that uses SQL to operate data and is suitable for structured data management. 2) The SQL language is the key to interacting with MySQL and supports CRUD operations. 3) The working principle of MySQL includes client/server architecture, storage engine and query optimizer. 4) Basic usage includes creating databases and tables, and advanced usage involves joining tables using JOIN. 5) Common errors include syntax errors and permission issues, and debugging skills include checking syntax and using EXPLAIN commands. 6) Performance optimization involves the use of indexes, optimization of SQL statements and regular maintenance of databases.

MySQL is suitable for beginners to learn database skills. 1. Install MySQL server and client tools. 2. Understand basic SQL queries, such as SELECT. 3. Master data operations: create tables, insert, update, and delete data. 4. Learn advanced skills: subquery and window functions. 5. Debugging and optimization: Check syntax, use indexes, avoid SELECT*, and use LIMIT.

MySQL efficiently manages structured data through table structure and SQL query, and implements inter-table relationships through foreign keys. 1. Define the data format and type when creating a table. 2. Use foreign keys to establish relationships between tables. 3. Improve performance through indexing and query optimization. 4. Regularly backup and monitor databases to ensure data security and performance optimization.

MySQL is an open source relational database management system that is widely used in Web development. Its key features include: 1. Supports multiple storage engines, such as InnoDB and MyISAM, suitable for different scenarios; 2. Provides master-slave replication functions to facilitate load balancing and data backup; 3. Improve query efficiency through query optimization and index use.

SQL is used to interact with MySQL database to realize data addition, deletion, modification, inspection and database design. 1) SQL performs data operations through SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE statements; 2) Use CREATE, ALTER, DROP statements for database design and management; 3) Complex queries and data analysis are implemented through SQL to improve business decision-making efficiency.

The basic operations of MySQL include creating databases, tables, and using SQL to perform CRUD operations on data. 1. Create a database: CREATEDATABASEmy_first_db; 2. Create a table: CREATETABLEbooks(idINTAUTO_INCREMENTPRIMARYKEY, titleVARCHAR(100)NOTNULL, authorVARCHAR(100)NOTNULL, published_yearINT); 3. Insert data: INSERTINTObooks(title, author, published_year)VA


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