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八、设置HTTP应答头_MySQL

Jun 01, 2016 pm 02:07 PM
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8.1 HTTP应答头概述

   Web服务器的HTTP应答一般由以下几项构成:一个状态行,一个或多个应答头,一个空行,内容文档。设置HTTP应答头往往和设置状态行中的状态代码结合起来。例如,有好几个表示“文档位置已经改变”的状态代码都伴随着一个Location头,而401(Unauthorized)状态代码则必须伴随一个WWW-Authenticate头。

   然而,即使在没有设置特殊含义的状态代码时,指定应答头也是很有用的。应答头可以用来完成:设置Cookie,指定修改日期,指示浏览器按照指定的间隔刷新页面,声明文档的长度以便利用持久HTTP连接,……等等许多其他任务。

   设置应答头最常用的方法是HttpServletResponse的setHeader,该方法有两个参数,分别表示应答头的名字和值。和设置状态代码相似,设置应答头应该在发送任何文档内容之前进行。

   setDateHeader方法和setIntHeadr方法专门用来设置包含日期和整数值的应答头,前者避免了把Java时间转换为GMT时间字符串的麻烦,后者则避免了把整数转换为字符串的麻烦。


   HttpServletResponse还提供了许多设置常见应答头的简便方法,如下所示:

setContentType:设置Content-Type头。大多数Servlet都要用到这个方法。
setContentLength:设置Content-Length头。对于支持持久HTTP连接的浏览器来说,这个函数是很有用的。
addCookie:设置一个Cookie(Servlet API中没有setCookie方法,因为应答往往包含多个Set-Cookie头)。
另外,如上节介绍,sendRedirect方法设置状态代码302时也会设置Location头。
   8.2 常见应答头及其含义

   有关HTTP头详细和完整的说明,请参见http://www.w3.org/Protocols/规范。

应答头  说明  
Allow  服务器支持哪些请求方法(如GET、POST等)。  
Content-Encoding  文档的编码(Encode)方法。只有在解码之后才可以得到Content-Type头指定的内容类型。利用gzip压缩文档能够显著地减少HTML文档的下载时间。Java的GZIPOutputStream可以很方便地进行gzip压缩,但只有Unix上的Netscape和Windows上的IE 4、IE 5才支持它。因此,Servlet应该通过查看Accept-Encoding头(即request.getHeader("Accept-Encoding"))检查浏览器是否支持gzip,为支持gzip的浏览器返回经gzip压缩的HTML页面,为其他浏览器返回普通页面。  
Content-Length  表示内容长度。只有当浏览器使用持久HTTP连接时才需要这个数据。如果你想要利用持久连接的优势,可以把输出文档写入ByteArrayOutputStram,完成后查看其大小,然后把该值放入Content-Length头,最后通过byteArrayStream.writeTo(response.getOutputStream()发送内容。  
Content-Type  表示后面的文档属于什么MIME类型。Servlet默认为text/plain,但通常需要显式地指定为text/html。由于经常要设置Content-Type,因此HttpServletResponse提供了一个专用的方法setContentTyep。  
Date  当前的GMT时间。你可以用setDateHeader来设置这个头以避免转换时间格式的麻烦。  
Expires  应该在什么时候认为文档已经过期,从而不再缓存它?  
Last-Modified  文档的最后改动时间。客户可以通过If-Modified-Since请求头提供一个日期,该请求将被视为一个条件GET,只有改动时间迟于指定时间的文档才会返回,否则返回一个304(Not Modified)状态。Last-Modified也可用setDateHeader方法来设置。  

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