由于 GROUP BY 实际上也同样会进行排序操作,而且与 ORDER BY 相比,GROUP BY 主要只是多了排序之后的分组操作。当然,如果在分组的时候还使用了其他的一些聚合函数,那么还需要一些聚合函数的计算。所以,在GROUP BY 的实现过程中,与 ORDER BY 一样也可以利用到索引。
在 MySQL 中,GROUP BY 的实现同样有多种(三种)方式,其中有两种方式会利用现有的索引信息来完成 GROUP BY,另外一种为完全无法使用索引的场景下使用。下面我们分别针对这三种实现方式做一个分析。
1.使用松散(Loose)索引扫描实现 GROUP BY
何谓松散索引扫描实现 GROUP BY 呢?实际上就是当 MySQL 完全利用索引扫描来实现 GROUP BY 的时候,并不需要扫描所有满足条件的索引键即可完成操作得出结果。
下面我们通过一个示例来描述松散索引扫描实现 GROUP BY,在示例之前我们需要首先调整一下 group_message 表的索引,将 gmt_create 字段添加到 group_id 和 user_id 字段的索引中:
1 sky@localhost : example 08:49:45> create index idx_gid_uid_gc 2 3 -> on group_message(group_id,user_id,gmt_create); 4 5 Query OK, rows affected (0.03 sec) 6 7 Records: 96 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 8 9 sky@localhost : example 09:07:30> drop index idx_group_message_gid_uid 10 11 -> on group_message; 12 13 Query OK, 96 rows affected (0.02 sec) 14 15 Records: 96 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 |
然后再看如下 Query 的执行计划:
1 sky@localhost : example 09:26:15> EXPLAIN 2 3 -> SELECT user_id,max(gmt_create) 4 5 -> FROM group_message 6 7 -> WHERE group_id 10 8 9 -> GROUP BY group_id,user_id\G 10 11 *************************** 1. row *************************** 12 13 id: 1 14 15 select_type: SIMPLE 16 17 table: group_message 18 19 type: range 20 21 possible_keys: idx_gid_uid_gc 22 23 key: idx_gid_uid_gc 24 25 key_len: 8 26 27 ref: NULL 28 29 rows: 4 30 31 Extra: Using where; Using index for group-by 32 33 1 row in set (0.00 sec) |
我们看到在执行计划的 Extra 信息中有信息显示“Using index for group-by”,实际上这就是告诉我们,MySQL Query Optimizer 通过使用松散索引扫描来实现了我们所需要的 GROUP BY 操作。
下面这张图片描绘了扫描过程的大概实现:
要利用到松散索引扫描实现 GROUP BY,需要至少满足以下几个条件:
◆GROUP BY 条件字段必须在同一个索引中最前面的连续位置;
◆在使用GROUP BY 的同时,只能使用 MAX 和 MIN 这两个聚合函数;
◆如果引用到了该索引中 GROUP BY 条件之外的字段条件的时候,必须以常量形式存在;
为什么松散索引扫描的效率会很高?
因为在没有WHERE子句,也就是必须经过全索引扫描的时候, 松散索引扫描需要读取的键值数量与分组的组数量一样多,也就是说比实际存在的键值数目要少很多。而在WHERE子句包含范围判断式或者等值表达式的时候, 松散索引扫描查找满足范围条件的每个组的第1个关键字,并且再次读取尽可能最少数量的关键字。

MySQL'sBLOBissuitableforstoringbinarydatawithinarelationaldatabase,whileNoSQLoptionslikeMongoDB,Redis,andCassandraofferflexible,scalablesolutionsforunstructureddata.BLOBissimplerbutcanslowdownperformancewithlargedata;NoSQLprovidesbetterscalabilityand

ToaddauserinMySQL,use:CREATEUSER'username'@'host'IDENTIFIEDBY'password';Here'showtodoitsecurely:1)Choosethehostcarefullytocontrolaccess.2)SetresourcelimitswithoptionslikeMAX_QUERIES_PER_HOUR.3)Usestrong,uniquepasswords.4)EnforceSSL/TLSconnectionswith

ToavoidcommonmistakeswithstringdatatypesinMySQL,understandstringtypenuances,choosetherighttype,andmanageencodingandcollationsettingseffectively.1)UseCHARforfixed-lengthstrings,VARCHARforvariable-length,andTEXT/BLOBforlargerdata.2)Setcorrectcharacters

MySQloffersechar, Varchar, text, Anddenumforstringdata.usecharforfixed-Lengthstrings, VarcharerForvariable-Length, text forlarger text, AndenumforenforcingdataAntegritywithaetofvalues.

Optimizing MySQLBLOB requests can be done through the following strategies: 1. Reduce the frequency of BLOB query, use independent requests or delay loading; 2. Select the appropriate BLOB type (such as TINYBLOB); 3. Separate the BLOB data into separate tables; 4. Compress the BLOB data at the application layer; 5. Index the BLOB metadata. These methods can effectively improve performance by combining monitoring, caching and data sharding in actual applications.

Mastering the method of adding MySQL users is crucial for database administrators and developers because it ensures the security and access control of the database. 1) Create a new user using the CREATEUSER command, 2) Assign permissions through the GRANT command, 3) Use FLUSHPRIVILEGES to ensure permissions take effect, 4) Regularly audit and clean user accounts to maintain performance and security.

ChooseCHARforfixed-lengthdata,VARCHARforvariable-lengthdata,andTEXTforlargetextfields.1)CHARisefficientforconsistent-lengthdatalikecodes.2)VARCHARsuitsvariable-lengthdatalikenames,balancingflexibilityandperformance.3)TEXTisidealforlargetextslikeartic

Best practices for handling string data types and indexes in MySQL include: 1) Selecting the appropriate string type, such as CHAR for fixed length, VARCHAR for variable length, and TEXT for large text; 2) Be cautious in indexing, avoid over-indexing, and create indexes for common queries; 3) Use prefix indexes and full-text indexes to optimize long string searches; 4) Regularly monitor and optimize indexes to keep indexes small and efficient. Through these methods, we can balance read and write performance and improve database efficiency.


Hot AI Tools

Undresser.AI Undress
AI-powered app for creating realistic nude photos

AI Clothes Remover
Online AI tool for removing clothes from photos.

Undress AI Tool
Undress images for free

Clothoff.io
AI clothes remover

Video Face Swap
Swap faces in any video effortlessly with our completely free AI face swap tool!

Hot Article

Hot Tools

SublimeText3 Mac version
God-level code editing software (SublimeText3)

Dreamweaver CS6
Visual web development tools

WebStorm Mac version
Useful JavaScript development tools

PhpStorm Mac version
The latest (2018.2.1) professional PHP integrated development tool

mPDF
mPDF is a PHP library that can generate PDF files from UTF-8 encoded HTML. The original author, Ian Back, wrote mPDF to output PDF files "on the fly" from his website and handle different languages. It is slower than original scripts like HTML2FPDF and produces larger files when using Unicode fonts, but supports CSS styles etc. and has a lot of enhancements. Supports almost all languages, including RTL (Arabic and Hebrew) and CJK (Chinese, Japanese and Korean). Supports nested block-level elements (such as P, DIV),
