本文主要讲述了如何加速动态网站的MySQL索引分析和优化。 iSH中国教程在线
一、什么是索引? iSH中国教程在线
索引用来快速地寻找那些具有特定值的记录,所有MySQL索引都以B-树的形式保存。如果没有索引,执行查询时MySQL必须从第一个记录开始扫描整个表的所有记录,直至找到符合要求的记录。表里面的记录数量越多,这个操作的代价就越高。如果作为搜索条件的列上已经创建了索引,MySQL无需扫描任何记录即可迅速得到目标记录所在的位置。如果表有1000个记录,通过索引查找记录至少要比顺序扫描记录快100倍。 iSH中国教程在线
假设我们创建了一个名为people的表: iSH中国教程在线
CREATE TABLE people ( peopleid SMALLINT NOT NULL, iSH中国教程在线
name CHAR(50) NOT NULL );iSH中国教程在线
然后,我们完全随机把1000个不同name值插入到people表。在数据文件中name列没有任何明确的次序。如果我们创建了name列的索引,MySQL将在索引中排序name列,对于索引中的每一项,MySQL在内部为它保存一个数据文件中实际记录所在位置的“指针”。因此,如果我们要查找name等于“Mike”记录的peopleid(SQL命令为“SELECT peopleid FROM people WHERE name='Mike';”),MySQL能够在name的索引中查找“Mike”值,然后直接转到数据文件中相应的行,准确地返回该行的peopleid(999)。在这个过程中,MySQL只需处理一个行就可以返回结果。如果没有“name”列的索引,MySQL要扫描数据文件中的所有记录,即1000个记录!显然,需要MySQL处理的记录数量越少,则它完成任务的速度就越快。 iSH中国教程在线
二、索引的类型 iSH中国教程在线
MySQL提供多种索引类型供选择: iSH中国教程在线
普通索引 : iSH中国教程在线
这是最基本的索引类型,而且它没有唯一性之类的限制。普通索引可以通过以下几种方式创建: iSH中国教程在线
创建索引,例如CREATE INDEX ON tablename (列的列表); iSH中国教程在线
修改表,例如ALTER TABLE tablename ADD INDEX [索引的名字] (列的列表); iSH中国教程在线
创建表的时候指定索引,例如CREATE TABLE tablename ( [...], INDEX [索引的名字] (列的列表) ); iSH中国教程在线
唯一性索引: iSH中国教程在线
这种索引和前面的“普通索引”基本相同,但有一个区别:索引列的所有值都只能出现一次,即必须唯一。唯一性索引可以用以下几种方式创建: iSH中国教程在线
创建索引,例如CREATE UNIQUE INDEX ON tablename (列的列表); iSH中国教程在线
修改表,例如ALTER TABLE tablename ADD UNIQUE [索引的名字] (列的列表); iSH中国教程在线
创建表的时候指定索引,例如CREATE TABLE tablename ( [...], UNIQUE [索引的名字] (列的列表) ); iSH中国教程在线
主键 : iSH中国教程在线
主键是一种唯一性索引,但它必须指定为“PRIMARY KEY”。如果你曾经用过AUTO_INCREMENT类型的列,你可能已经熟悉主键之类的概念了。主键一般在创建表的时候指定,例如“CREATE TABLE tablename ( [...], PRIMARY KEY (列的列表) ); ”。但是,我们也可以通过修改表的方式加入主键,例如“ALTER TABLE tablename ADD PRIMARY KEY (列的列表); ”。每个表只能有一个主键。 iSH中国教程在线
全文索引: iSH中国教程在线
MySQL从3.23.23版开始支持全文索引和全文检索。在MySQL中,全文索引的索引类型为FULLTEXT。全文索引可以在VARCHAR或者TEXT类型的列上创建。它可以通过CREATE TABLE命令创建,也可以通过ALTER TABLE或CREATE INDEX命令创建。对于大规模的数据集,通过ALTER TABLE(或者CREATE INDEX)命令创建全文索引要比把记录插入带有全文索引的空表更快

InnoDB uses redologs and undologs to ensure data consistency and reliability. 1.redologs record data page modification to ensure crash recovery and transaction persistence. 2.undologs records the original data value and supports transaction rollback and MVCC.

Key metrics for EXPLAIN commands include type, key, rows, and Extra. 1) The type reflects the access type of the query. The higher the value, the higher the efficiency, such as const is better than ALL. 2) The key displays the index used, and NULL indicates no index. 3) rows estimates the number of scanned rows, affecting query performance. 4) Extra provides additional information, such as Usingfilesort prompts that it needs to be optimized.

Usingtemporary indicates that the need to create temporary tables in MySQL queries, which are commonly found in ORDERBY using DISTINCT, GROUPBY, or non-indexed columns. You can avoid the occurrence of indexes and rewrite queries and improve query performance. Specifically, when Usingtemporary appears in EXPLAIN output, it means that MySQL needs to create temporary tables to handle queries. This usually occurs when: 1) deduplication or grouping when using DISTINCT or GROUPBY; 2) sort when ORDERBY contains non-index columns; 3) use complex subquery or join operations. Optimization methods include: 1) ORDERBY and GROUPB

MySQL/InnoDB supports four transaction isolation levels: ReadUncommitted, ReadCommitted, RepeatableRead and Serializable. 1.ReadUncommitted allows reading of uncommitted data, which may cause dirty reading. 2. ReadCommitted avoids dirty reading, but non-repeatable reading may occur. 3.RepeatableRead is the default level, avoiding dirty reading and non-repeatable reading, but phantom reading may occur. 4. Serializable avoids all concurrency problems but reduces concurrency. Choosing the appropriate isolation level requires balancing data consistency and performance requirements.

MySQL is suitable for web applications and content management systems and is popular for its open source, high performance and ease of use. 1) Compared with PostgreSQL, MySQL performs better in simple queries and high concurrent read operations. 2) Compared with Oracle, MySQL is more popular among small and medium-sized enterprises because of its open source and low cost. 3) Compared with Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL is more suitable for cross-platform applications. 4) Unlike MongoDB, MySQL is more suitable for structured data and transaction processing.

MySQL index cardinality has a significant impact on query performance: 1. High cardinality index can more effectively narrow the data range and improve query efficiency; 2. Low cardinality index may lead to full table scanning and reduce query performance; 3. In joint index, high cardinality sequences should be placed in front to optimize query.

The MySQL learning path includes basic knowledge, core concepts, usage examples, and optimization techniques. 1) Understand basic concepts such as tables, rows, columns, and SQL queries. 2) Learn the definition, working principles and advantages of MySQL. 3) Master basic CRUD operations and advanced usage, such as indexes and stored procedures. 4) Familiar with common error debugging and performance optimization suggestions, such as rational use of indexes and optimization queries. Through these steps, you will have a full grasp of the use and optimization of MySQL.

MySQL's real-world applications include basic database design and complex query optimization. 1) Basic usage: used to store and manage user data, such as inserting, querying, updating and deleting user information. 2) Advanced usage: Handle complex business logic, such as order and inventory management of e-commerce platforms. 3) Performance optimization: Improve performance by rationally using indexes, partition tables and query caches.


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