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MYSQL教程:MYSQL查询优化_MySQL

Jun 01, 2016 pm 01:56 PM
optimizationdatabase applicationInquire

在优化查询中,数据库应用(如MySQL)即意味着对工具的操作与使用。使用索引、使用EXPLAIN分析查询以及调整MySQL的内部配置可达到优化查询的目的。

#1: 使用索引

 MySQL允许对数据库表进行索引,以此能迅速查找记录,而无需一开始就扫描整个表,由此显著地加快查询速度。每个表最多可以做到16个索引,此外MySQL还支持多列索引及全文检索。

 给表添加一个索引非常简单,只需调用一个CREATE INDEX命令并为索引指定它的域即可。列表A给出了一个例子:

列表 A

mysql> CREATE INDEX idx_username ON users(username);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.15 sec)
Records: 1  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

 这里,对users表的username域做索引,以确保在WHERE或者HAVING子句中引用这一域的SELECT查询语句运行速度比没有添加索引时要快。通过SHOW INDEX命令可以查看索引已被创建(列表B)。

列表 B

mysql> SHOW INDEX FROM users;
--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+
| Table | Non_unique | Key_name     | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Sub_part | Packed | Null | Index_type | Comment |
--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+
| users |          1 | idx_username |            1 | username    | A         |      NULL |     NULL | NULL   | YES  | BTREE      |         |
--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

 值得注意的是:索引就像一把双刃剑。对表的每一域做索引通常没有必要,且很可能导致运行速度减慢,因为向表中插入或修改数据时,MySQL不得不每次都为这些额外的工作重新建立索引。另一方面,避免对表的每一域做索引同样不是一个非常好的主意,因为在提高插入记录的速度时,导致查询操作的速度减慢。这就需要找到一个平衡点,比如在设计索引系统时,考虑表的主要功能(数据修复及编辑)不失为一种明智的选择。

#2: 优化查询性能

 在分析查询性能时,考虑EXPLAIN关键字同样很管用。EXPLAIN关键字一般放在SELECT查询语句的前面,用于描述MySQL如何执行查询操作、以及MySQL成功返回结果集需要执行的行数。下面的一个简单例子可以说明(列表C)这一过程:

列表 C

mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT city.name, city.district FROM city, country WHERE city.countrycode = country.code AND country.code = 'IND';
+----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table   | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref  | rows | Extra       |
+----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | country | const | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 3       | const |    1 | Using index |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | city    | ALL   | NULL          | NULL    | NULL    | NULL | 4079 | Using where |
+----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)这里查询是基于两个表连接。EXPLAIN关键字描述了MySQL是如何处理连接这两个表。必须清楚的是,当前设计要求MySQL处理的是country表中的一条记录以及city表中的整个4019条记录。这就意味着,还可使用其他的优化技巧改进其查询方法。例如,给city表添加如下索引(列表D):

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