在优化查询中,数据库应用(如MySQL)即意味着对工具的操作与使用。使用索引、使用EXPLAIN分析查询以及调整MySQL的内部配置可达到优化查询的目的。
#1: 使用索引
MySQL允许对数据库表进行索引,以此能迅速查找记录,而无需一开始就扫描整个表,由此显著地加快查询速度。每个表最多可以做到16个索引,此外MySQL还支持多列索引及全文检索。
给表添加一个索引非常简单,只需调用一个CREATE INDEX命令并为索引指定它的域即可。列表A给出了一个例子:
列表 A
mysql> CREATE INDEX idx_username ON users(username);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.15 sec)
Records: 1 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
这里,对users表的username域做索引,以确保在WHERE或者HAVING子句中引用这一域的SELECT查询语句运行速度比没有添加索引时要快。通过SHOW INDEX命令可以查看索引已被创建(列表B)。
列表 B
mysql> SHOW INDEX FROM users;
--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+
| Table | Non_unique | Key_name | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Sub_part | Packed | Null | Index_type | Comment |
--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+
| users | 1 | idx_username | 1 | username | A | NULL | NULL | NULL | YES | BTREE | |
--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
值得注意的是:索引就像一把双刃剑。对表的每一域做索引通常没有必要,且很可能导致运行速度减慢,因为向表中插入或修改数据时,MySQL不得不每次都为这些额外的工作重新建立索引。另一方面,避免对表的每一域做索引同样不是一个非常好的主意,因为在提高插入记录的速度时,导致查询操作的速度减慢。这就需要找到一个平衡点,比如在设计索引系统时,考虑表的主要功能(数据修复及编辑)不失为一种明智的选择。
#2: 优化查询性能
在分析查询性能时,考虑EXPLAIN关键字同样很管用。EXPLAIN关键字一般放在SELECT查询语句的前面,用于描述MySQL如何执行查询操作、以及MySQL成功返回结果集需要执行的行数。下面的一个简单例子可以说明(列表C)这一过程:
列表 C
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT city.name, city.district FROM city, country WHERE city.countrycode = country.code AND country.code = 'IND';
+----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | country | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 3 | const | 1 | Using index |
| 1 | SIMPLE | city | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 4079 | Using where |
+----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)这里查询是基于两个表连接。EXPLAIN关键字描述了MySQL是如何处理连接这两个表。必须清楚的是,当前设计要求MySQL处理的是country表中的一条记录以及city表中的整个4019条记录。这就意味着,还可使用其他的优化技巧改进其查询方法。例如,给city表添加如下索引(列表D):

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No,youshouldnotusetherootuserinMySQLforyourproduct.Instead,createspecificuserswithlimitedprivilegestoenhancesecurityandperformance:1)Createanewuserwithastrongpassword,2)Grantonlynecessarypermissionstothisuser,3)Regularlyreviewandupdateuserpermissions

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