应该考虑建立一个预防性维护的时间表,以协助自动检测问题,使得您可以采取措施进行修正:
1) 执行常规的数据库备份并允许更新日志。
2) 安排定期的常规表检查。通过检查表,将减少使用备份的机会。这个工作使用cron 作业(一般从运行服务器所使用的该账号的crontab 文件中调用)并且很容易实现。例如,如果您作为mysqladm 用户运行服务器,则可以从mysqladm 的crontab 文件中建立定期检查。如果您不知道如何使用c r o n,应使用下列命令查看相关的UNIX 人工页:
% man cron
% man crontab
3) 在服务器启动前的系统引导期间检查数据库表。机器可能会因早期的崩溃重新启动。如果是这样的话,数据库表可能已被毁坏,应该对它进行检查。
为了运行自动的表检查,可以编写一个脚本,将目录改变为服务器数据目录并对所有数据库表运行myisamchk 和i s a m c h k。我们将在下面讨论的脚本中同时使用这两个程序。如果您只有MyISAM 表或只有ISAM 表,则只需其中一个程序,可以将无关的那个程序从脚本中去除。
myisamchk 和isamchk 都根据表检查的方式产生某些输出结果以便了解正在检查哪些表,甚至在没有问题时也是如此。对于crontab 的项,除非表中有错误,否则通常将禁止输出结果(如果作业产生任何输出, cron 作业通常生成一个邮件消息,很少会收到没有任何问题的表检查作业的邮件)。如果用--silent 选项调用任一个实用程序,它仅当发现问题时才产生输出。另外,myisamchk 支持--fast 选项,该选项允许程序跳过自上次检查以来没有被修改过的任何表。
在服务器数据目录中检查所有表的一个简单的脚本如下( DATADIR 应该修改成对应您系统的值):
实用此脚本的一个潜在的问题是:如果有许多表,通配符模式‘ * / * . M Y I’或‘* / * . I S M’可能会由于“ too many arg um e n t s(过多的参数)”错误使外壳程序爆炸。另一个可选择的脚本如下(同样,将DATADIR 改变为对应您系统的值):
不论您选择哪种形式的脚本,笔者都假定您调用的是c h e c k _ mysql_ tables,应确保及时改变该方式使它可执行,然后您手工调用它以验证它工作是否正常:
% chmod +x check_mysql_tables
% chmod_mysql_tables

InnoDB uses redologs and undologs to ensure data consistency and reliability. 1.redologs record data page modification to ensure crash recovery and transaction persistence. 2.undologs records the original data value and supports transaction rollback and MVCC.

Key metrics for EXPLAIN commands include type, key, rows, and Extra. 1) The type reflects the access type of the query. The higher the value, the higher the efficiency, such as const is better than ALL. 2) The key displays the index used, and NULL indicates no index. 3) rows estimates the number of scanned rows, affecting query performance. 4) Extra provides additional information, such as Usingfilesort prompts that it needs to be optimized.

Usingtemporary indicates that the need to create temporary tables in MySQL queries, which are commonly found in ORDERBY using DISTINCT, GROUPBY, or non-indexed columns. You can avoid the occurrence of indexes and rewrite queries and improve query performance. Specifically, when Usingtemporary appears in EXPLAIN output, it means that MySQL needs to create temporary tables to handle queries. This usually occurs when: 1) deduplication or grouping when using DISTINCT or GROUPBY; 2) sort when ORDERBY contains non-index columns; 3) use complex subquery or join operations. Optimization methods include: 1) ORDERBY and GROUPB

MySQL/InnoDB supports four transaction isolation levels: ReadUncommitted, ReadCommitted, RepeatableRead and Serializable. 1.ReadUncommitted allows reading of uncommitted data, which may cause dirty reading. 2. ReadCommitted avoids dirty reading, but non-repeatable reading may occur. 3.RepeatableRead is the default level, avoiding dirty reading and non-repeatable reading, but phantom reading may occur. 4. Serializable avoids all concurrency problems but reduces concurrency. Choosing the appropriate isolation level requires balancing data consistency and performance requirements.

MySQL is suitable for web applications and content management systems and is popular for its open source, high performance and ease of use. 1) Compared with PostgreSQL, MySQL performs better in simple queries and high concurrent read operations. 2) Compared with Oracle, MySQL is more popular among small and medium-sized enterprises because of its open source and low cost. 3) Compared with Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL is more suitable for cross-platform applications. 4) Unlike MongoDB, MySQL is more suitable for structured data and transaction processing.

MySQL index cardinality has a significant impact on query performance: 1. High cardinality index can more effectively narrow the data range and improve query efficiency; 2. Low cardinality index may lead to full table scanning and reduce query performance; 3. In joint index, high cardinality sequences should be placed in front to optimize query.

The MySQL learning path includes basic knowledge, core concepts, usage examples, and optimization techniques. 1) Understand basic concepts such as tables, rows, columns, and SQL queries. 2) Learn the definition, working principles and advantages of MySQL. 3) Master basic CRUD operations and advanced usage, such as indexes and stored procedures. 4) Familiar with common error debugging and performance optimization suggestions, such as rational use of indexes and optimization queries. Through these steps, you will have a full grasp of the use and optimization of MySQL.

MySQL's real-world applications include basic database design and complex query optimization. 1) Basic usage: used to store and manage user data, such as inserting, querying, updating and deleting user information. 2) Advanced usage: Handle complex business logic, such as order and inventory management of e-commerce platforms. 3) Performance optimization: Improve performance by rationally using indexes, partition tables and query caches.


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