MySQL已经成为当前网络中使用最多的数据库之一,特别是在Web应用上,它占据了中小型应用的绝对优势。这一切都源于它的小巧易用、安全有效、开放式许可和多平台,更主要的是它与三大Web语言之一――PHP的完美结合。
但不幸的是,一个缺省安全的MySQL,会因为root密码为空及程序漏洞导致被溢出,使得安装MySQL的服务器成为被经常攻击的对象。更严重的是,被攻击之后数据库往往遭破坏,易造成灾难性的后果。下面将进入为了保护数据而进行的保卫战中。
环境要求
1.系统环境
有一台Red Hat Linux 9.0自定义安装的服务器,系统安装了GCC及一些软件包,比如Apache、PHP等。安装完系统后的第一件事就是升级系统的软件包。作为Web服务器,系统接受PHP脚本的请求,PHP则使用下面将要安装的MySQL数据库作为动态发布的接触。
分区情况的要求和一般系统差不多,惟一不同之处在于后面建立的/chroot与/tmp要求在同一个分区上。
2.安全要求
(1)MySQL运行在一个独立的(Chroot)环境下;
(2)mysqld进程运行于一个独立的用户/用户组下,此用户和用户组没有根目录,没有Shell,也不能用于其它程序;
(3)修改MySQL的root账号,并使用一个复杂的密码;
(4)只允许本地连接MySQL,启动MySQL时网络连接被禁止掉;
(5)保证连接MySQL的nobody账号登录被禁止;
(6)删除test数据库。
安装MySQL
1.安装准备
安装MySQL之前,按照上述安全要求需要创建一个用于启动MySQL的用户和组。
#groupadd mysql
#useradd mysql -c "start mysqld's account" -d /dev/null -g mysql -s /sbin/nologin
2.编译和安装
下载MySQL源代码包:
#wget http://mysql.he.net/Downloads/MySQL-4.0/mysql-4.0.16.tar.gz
解压缩:
#tar -zxvf mysql-4.0.16.tar.gz
一般把MySQL安装在/usr/local/mysql下,如果有特殊要求,也可自行调整。不过这样做意义不大,因为后面将Chrooting,到时只是使用这里的客户工具而已,比如mysql,mysqladmin,mysqldump等。下面就开始编译安装吧。
#./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
--with-mysqld-user=mysql
--with-unix-socket-path=/tmp/mysql.sock
--with-mysqld-ldflags=-all-static
#make && make install
#strip /usr/local/mysql/libexec/mysqld
#scripts/mysql_install_db
#chown -R root /usr/local/mysql
#chown -R mysql /usr/local/mysql/var
#chgrp -R mysql /usr/local/mysql

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The working principle of MySQL query cache is to store the results of SELECT query, and when the same query is executed again, the cached results are directly returned. 1) Query cache improves database reading performance and finds cached results through hash values. 2) Simple configuration, set query_cache_type and query_cache_size in MySQL configuration file. 3) Use the SQL_NO_CACHE keyword to disable the cache of specific queries. 4) In high-frequency update environments, query cache may cause performance bottlenecks and needs to be optimized for use through monitoring and adjustment of parameters.

The reasons why MySQL is widely used in various projects include: 1. High performance and scalability, supporting multiple storage engines; 2. Easy to use and maintain, simple configuration and rich tools; 3. Rich ecosystem, attracting a large number of community and third-party tool support; 4. Cross-platform support, suitable for multiple operating systems.

The steps for upgrading MySQL database include: 1. Backup the database, 2. Stop the current MySQL service, 3. Install the new version of MySQL, 4. Start the new version of MySQL service, 5. Recover the database. Compatibility issues are required during the upgrade process, and advanced tools such as PerconaToolkit can be used for testing and optimization.

MySQL backup policies include logical backup, physical backup, incremental backup, replication-based backup, and cloud backup. 1. Logical backup uses mysqldump to export database structure and data, which is suitable for small databases and version migrations. 2. Physical backups are fast and comprehensive by copying data files, but require database consistency. 3. Incremental backup uses binary logging to record changes, which is suitable for large databases. 4. Replication-based backup reduces the impact on the production system by backing up from the server. 5. Cloud backups such as AmazonRDS provide automation solutions, but costs and control need to be considered. When selecting a policy, database size, downtime tolerance, recovery time, and recovery point goals should be considered.

MySQLclusteringenhancesdatabaserobustnessandscalabilitybydistributingdataacrossmultiplenodes.ItusestheNDBenginefordatareplicationandfaulttolerance,ensuringhighavailability.Setupinvolvesconfiguringmanagement,data,andSQLnodes,withcarefulmonitoringandpe

Optimizing database schema design in MySQL can improve performance through the following steps: 1. Index optimization: Create indexes on common query columns, balancing the overhead of query and inserting updates. 2. Table structure optimization: Reduce data redundancy through normalization or anti-normalization and improve access efficiency. 3. Data type selection: Use appropriate data types, such as INT instead of VARCHAR, to reduce storage space. 4. Partitioning and sub-table: For large data volumes, use partitioning and sub-table to disperse data to improve query and maintenance efficiency.

TooptimizeMySQLperformance,followthesesteps:1)Implementproperindexingtospeedupqueries,2)UseEXPLAINtoanalyzeandoptimizequeryperformance,3)Adjustserverconfigurationsettingslikeinnodb_buffer_pool_sizeandmax_connections,4)Usepartitioningforlargetablestoi


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