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HomeDatabaseMysql TutorialMySQL备份和恢复_MySQL

  讨论 MySQL 的备份和恢复机制,以及如何维护数据表,包括最主要的两种表类型:MyISAM 和 Innodb,文中设计的 MySQL 版本为 5.0.22。

  本文介绍的是使用MySQL自带免费备份工具备份,当然你可以选择一些更方便的第三方工具进行备份和恢复MySql数据库。

  目前 MySQL 支持的免费备份工具有:mysqldump、mysqlhotcopy,还可以用 SQL 语法进行备份:BACKUP TABLE 或者 Select INTO OUTFILE,又或者备份二进制日志(binlog),还可以是直接拷贝数据文件和相关的配置文件。MyISAM 表是保存成文件的形式,因此相对比较容易备份,上面提到的几种方法都可以使用。Innodb 所有的表都保存在同一个数据文件 ibdata1 中(也可能是多个文件,或者是独立的表空间文件),相对来说比较不好备份,免费的方案可以是拷贝数据文件、备份 binlog,或者用 mysqldump。

  1、mysqldump

  1.1 备份

  mysqldump 是采用SQL级别的备份机制,它将数据表导成 SQL 脚本文件,在不同的 MySQL 版本之间升级时相对比较合适,这也是最常用的备份方法。

  现在来讲一下 mysqldump 的一些主要参数:

  --compatible=name

  它告诉 mysqldump,导出的数据将和哪种数据库或哪个旧版本的 MySQL 服务器相兼容。值可以为 ansi、mysql323、mysql40、postgresql、oracle、mssql、db2、maxdb、no_key_options、no_tables_options、no_field_options 等,要使用几个值,用逗号将它们隔开。当然了,它并不保证能完全兼容,而是尽量兼容。

  --complete-insert,-c

  导出的数据采用包含字段名的完整 Insert 方式,也就是把所有的值都写在一行。这么做能提高插入效率,但是可能会受到 max_allowed_packet 参数的影响而导致插入失败。因此,需要谨慎使用该参数,至少我不推荐。

  --default-character-set=charset

  指定导出数据时采用何种字符集,如果数据表不是采用默认的 latin1 字符集的话,那么导出时必须指定该选项,否则再次导入数据后将产生乱码问题。

  --disable-keys

  告诉 mysqldump 在 Insert 语句的开头和结尾增加 /*!40000 Alter TABLE table DISABLE KEYS */; 和 /*!40000 Alter TABLE table ENABLE KEYS */; 语句,这能大大提高插入语句的速度,因为它是在插入完所有数据后才重建索引的。该选项只适合 MyISAM 表。

  --extended-insert = true|false

  默认情况下,mysqldump 开启 --complete-insert 模式,因此不想用它的的话,就使用本选项,设定它的值为 false 即可。

  --hex-blob

  使用十六进制格式导出二进制字符串字段。如果有二进制数据就必须使用本选项。影响到的字段类型有 BINARY、VARBINARY、BLOB。

  --lock-all-tables,-x

  在开始导出之前,提交请求锁定所有数据库中的所有表,以保证数据的一致性。这是一个全局读锁,并且自动关闭 --single-transaction 和 --lock-tables 选项。

  --lock-tables

  它和 --lock-all-tables 类似,不过是锁定当前导出的数据表,而不是一下子锁定全部库下的表。本选项只适用于 MyISAM 表,如果是 Innodb 表可以用 --single-transaction 选项。

  --no-create-info,-t

  只导出数据,而不添加 Create TABLE 语句。

  --no-data,-d

  不导出任何数据,只导出数据库表结构。

  --opt

  这只是一个快捷选项,等同于同时添加 --add-drop-tables --add-locking --create-option --disable-keys --extended-insert --lock-tables --quick --set-charset 选项。本选项能让 mysqldump 很快的导出数据,并且导出的数据能很快导回。该选项默认开启,但可以用 --skip-opt 禁用。注意,如果运行 mysqldump 没有指定 --quick 或 --opt 选项,则会将整个结果集放在内存中。如果导出大数据库的话可能会出现问题。

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