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HomeDatabaseMysql TutorialMySQL数据库开发中的外键与参照完整性_MySQL

Mysql外键

  参照完整性(Referential integrity)是数据库设计中一个重要的概念。在系统不同的列表中,当数据库所有参照合法或非合法关联时都会涉及到参照完整性。当参照完整性存在时,任何与不存在记录的关联将变得无效化,由此可防止用户出现各种错误,从而提供更为准确和实用的数据库。

  参照完整性通常通过外键(foreign key)的使用而被广泛应用。长久以来,流行工具开源RDBMS MySQL并没有支持外键,原因是这种支持将会降低RDBMS的速度和性能。然而,由于很多用户对参照完整性的优点倍感兴趣,最近MySQL的不同版本都通过新InnoDB列表引擎支持外键。由此,在数据库组成的列表中保持参照完整性将变得非常简单。

  为了建立两个MySQL表之间的一个外键关系,必须满足以下三种情况:

两个表必须是InnoDB表类型。

使用在外键关系的域必须为索引型(Index)。

使用在外键关系的域必须与数据类型相似。
  例子是理解以上要点的最好方法。如表A所示,建立两个表,其中一个列出动物种类及相应的代码(表名为:species),另一表列出动物园中的动物(表名为:zoo)。现在,我们想通过species关联这两个表,所以我们只需要接受和保存zoo表中包含species表中的合法动物的入口到数据库中。

  表A

mysql> CREATE TABLE species (id TINYINT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY(id)) ENGINE=INNODB;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.11 sec)
mysql> INSERT INTO species VALUES (1, 'orangutan'), (2, 'elephant'), (3, 'hippopotamus'), (4, 'yak');
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.06 sec) Records: 4 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> CREATE TABLE zoo (id INT(4) NOT NULL,
name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
FK_species TINYINT(4) NOT NULL,
INDEX (FK_species),
FOREIGN KEY (FK_species) REFERENCES species (id), PRIMARY KEY(id)) ENGINE=INNODB;
注意:对于非InnoDB表, FOREIGN KEY 语句将被忽略。

  现在,fieldszoo.species与species.id 之间存在一个外键关系。只有相应的zoo.specie与species.idfield的一个值相匹配,动物表中的入口才可被访问。以下的输出即演示了当你想输入一个Harry Hippopotamus记录,而使用到不合法的species代码:

mysql> INSERT INTO zoo VALUES (1, 'Harry', 5);
ERROR 1216 (23000): Cannot add or update a child row: a foreign key constraint fails
  这里,MySQL核查species表以查看species代码是否存在,如果发现不存在,就拒绝该记录。当你输入正确代码的,可以与以上做比较。

mysql> INSERT INTO zoo VALUES (1, 'Harry', 3);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.06 sec)
  这里,MySQL核查species表以查看species代码是否存在,当发现存在,允许记录保存在zoo表中。

  为了删除一个外键关系,首先使用SHOW CREATE TABLE找出InnoDB的内部标签,如表B所示:

  表 B

+-------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Table | Create Table |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------+
| zoo | CREATE TABLE `zoo` (
`id` int(4) NOT NULL default '0',
`name` varchar(50) NOT NULL default '',
`FK_species` tinyint(4) NOT NULL default '0',
KEY `FK_species` (`FK_species`),
CONSTRAINT `zoo_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`FK_species`)
REFERENCES `species` (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 |
+-------+----------------------------------------------------+
  然后使用带有DROP FOREIGN KEY 语句的ALTER TABLE命令,如以下:

mysql> ALTER TABLE zoo DROP FOREIGN KEY zoo_ibfk_1;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.11 sec)
Records: 1 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

  为了将一个外键添加到一个现成的表中,使用ADD FOREIGN KEY的 ALTER TABLE语句指定合适的域作为一个外键:

mysql> ALTER TABLE zoo ADD FOREIGN KEY (FK_species) REFERENCES species (id);
Query OK, 1 rows affected (0.11 sec)
Records: 1 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

  如以上例子解释的,外键在捉摸数据入口错误上起着重要的作用,由此可建立更为强健更加集成的数据库。另一方面值得提到的是,执行外键核实是内部资料处理的过程,且不同表之间指定复杂的内部关系可以导致数据库的性能下降。所以,在参照完整性与性能考虑之间找到平衡点相当重要,而使用外键就是能够确保性能与稳健之间的最优结合。

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