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HomeDatabaseMysql TutorialMySQL数据库安全配置指南(一)[组图]_MySQL

  1、前言

  MySQL是完全网络化的跨平台关系型数据库系统,同时是具有客户机/服务器体系结构的分布式数据库管理系统。它具有功能强、使用简便、管理方便、运行速度快、安全可靠性强等优点,用户可利用许多语言编写访问MySQL数据库的程序,特别是与PHP更是黄金组合,运用十分广泛。

  由于MySQL是多平台的数据库,它的默认配置要考虑各种情况下都能适用,所以在我们自己的使用环境下应该进行进一步的安全加固。作为一个MySQL的系统管理员,我们有责任维护MySQL数据库系统的数据安全性和完整性。

  MySQL数据库的安全配置必须从两个方面入手,系统内部安全和外部网络安全,另外我们还将简单介绍编程时要注意的一些问题以及一些小窍门。

  2、系统内部安全

  首先简单介绍一下MySQL数据库目录结构。MySQL安装好,运行了mysql_db_install脚本以后就会建立数据目录和初始化数据库。如果我们用MySQL源码包安装,而且安装目录是/usr/local/mysql,那么数据目录一般会是/usr/local/mysql/var。数据库系统由一系列数据库组成,每个数据库包含一系列数据库表。MySQL是用数据库名在数据目录建立建立一个数据库目录,各数据库表分别以数据库表名作为文件名,扩展名分别为MYD、MYI、frm的三个文件放到数据库目录中。

  MySQL的授权表给数据库的访问提供了灵活的权限控制,但是如果本地用户拥有对库文件的读权限的话,攻击者只需把数据库目录打包拷走,然后拷到自己本机的数据目录下就能访问窃取的数据库。所以MySQL所在的主机的安全性是最首要的问题,如果主机不安全,被攻击者控制,那么MySQL的安全性也无从谈起。其次就是数据目录和数据文件的安全性,也就是权限设置问题。

  从MySQL主站一些老的binary发行版来看,3.21.xx版本中数据目录的属性是775,这样非常危险,任何本地用户都可以读数据目录,所以数据库文件很不安全。3.22.xx版本中数据目录的属性是770,这种属性也有些危险,本地的同组用户既能读也能写,所以数据文件也不安全。3.23.xx版本数据目录的属性是700,这样就比较好,只有启动数据库的用户可以读写数据库文件,保证了本地数据文件的安全。

  如果启动MySQL数据库的用户是mysql,那么象如下的目录和文件的是安全的,请注意数据目录及下面的属性: 
shell>ls-l/usr/local/mysql
total40
drwxrwxr-x2rootroot4096Feb2720:07bin
drwxrwxr-x3rootroot4096Feb2720:07include
drwxrwxr-x2rootroot4096Feb2720:07info
drwxrwxr-x3rootroot4096Feb2720:07lib
drwxrwxr-x2rootroot4096Feb2720:07libexec
drwxrwxr-x3rootroot4096Feb2720:07man
drwxrwxr-x6rootroot4096Feb2720:07mysql-test
drwxrwxr-x3rootroot4096Feb2720:07share
drwxrwxr-x7rootroot4096Feb2720:07sql-bench
drwx------4mysqlmysql4096Feb2720:07var
shell>ls-l/usr/local/mysql/var
total8
drwx------2mysqlmysql4096Feb2720:08mysql
drwx------2mysqlmysql4096Feb2720:08test
shell>ls-l/usr/local/mysql/var/mysql
total104
-rw-------1mysqlmysql0Feb2720:08columns_priv.MYD
-rw-------1mysqlmysql1024Feb2720:08columns_priv.MYI
-rw-------1mysqlmysql8778Feb2720:08columns_priv.frm
-rw-------1mysqlmysql302Feb2720:08db.MYD
-rw-------1mysqlmysql3072Feb2720:08db.MYI
-rw-------1mysqlmysql8982Feb2720:08db.frm
-rw-------1mysqlmysql0Feb2720:08func.MYD
-rw-------1mysqlmysql1024Feb2720:08func.MYI
-rw-------1mysqlmysql8641Feb2720:08func.frm
-rw-------1mysqlmysql0Feb2720:08host.MYD
-rw-------1mysqlmysql1024Feb2720:08host.MYI
-rw-------1mysqlmysql8958Feb2720:08host.frm
-rw-------1mysqlmysql0Feb2720:08tables_priv.MYD
-rw-------1mysqlmysql1024Feb2720:08tables_priv.MYI
-rw-------1mysqlmysql8877Feb2720:08tables_priv.frm
-rw-------1mysqlmysql428Feb2720:08user.MYD
-rw-------1mysqlmysql2048Feb2720:08user.MYI
-rw-------1mysqlmysql9148Feb2720:08user.frm
如果这些文件的属主及属性不是这样,请用以下两个命令修正之:
shell>chown-Rmysql.mysql/usr/local/mysql/var
shell>chmod-Rgo-rwx/usr/local/mysql/var

  用root用户启动远程服务一直是安全大忌,因为如果服务程序出现问题,远程攻击者极有可能获得主机的完全控制权。MySQL从3.23.15版本开始时作了小小的改动,默认安装后服务要用mysql用户来启动,不允许root用户启动。如果非要用root用户来启动,必须加上--user=root的参数(./safe_mysqld --user=root &)。因为MySQL中有LOAD DATA INFILE和SELECT ... INTO OUTFILE的SQL语句,如果是root用户启动了MySQL服务器,那么,数据库用户就拥有了root用户的写权限。不过MySQL还是做了一些限制的,比如LOAD DATA INFILE只能读全局可读的文件,SELECT ... INTO OUTFILE不能覆盖已经存在的文件。

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