Cracking the maze of Python class and object code: 20 core knowledge points

2. Class definition and syntax Classes are defined using the class keyword, whose syntax is:

class ClassName:
# Class variables and methods

3. Object creation Objects are created via the ClassName() syntax, similar to function calls.

4. Class variables and object variables Class variables belong to the entire class and are shared by all objects; object variables belong to a single object and each object has its own value.

5. Instance methods and class methods Instance methods are methods of objects and are called through objects; class methods are static methods of classes and are called through classes.

6. Constructor __init__() The method is the constructor of the class and is automatically called when the object is created.

7. Inheritance Inheritance is implemented through the class ChildClass(ParentClass) syntax, and the subclass inherits the attributes and methods of the parent class.

8. Polymorphism Polymorphism occurs when objects of different types respond to the same message (method call), allowing different object types to be handled using a consistent interface.

9. Abstract class Abstract classes define methods that subclasses must implement, but cannot themselves be instantiated.

10. Special methods python contains special methods called double-underscore methods, which are called automatically in certain situations (such as __str__() for the string representation of an object).

11. Class attributes Class attributes are decorated with the @cla<strong class="keylink">SSM</strong>ethod decorator and belong to the class, but can access and modify object data.

12. Static method Static methods are decorated with the @staticmethod decorator and do not accept any class or object instance as a parameter.

13. Data encapsulation Python Use access modifiers (such as public, protected) to control access to class and object members.

14. Singleton pattern The singleton pattern ensures that there is only one instance of a class.

15. Enumeration class Enumeration classes allow the creation of a set of constants, improving code readability and maintainability.

16. Context Manager Context management is implemented using the with statement and the __enter__() and __exit__() methods to perform specific operations during the execution of a specific block of code.

17. Object-oriented programming principles SOLID principles (single responsibility, open and closed, Liskov replacement, interface isolation, dependency inversion) guide object-oriented design to ensure the maintainability and scalability of the code.

18. Python data model Python uses a dynamically typed language model, where variables and objects are type bound at runtime.

19. Built-in objects Python has built-in various object types, such as str, list, and dict, for storing and processing data.

20. Class and object debugging Use breakpoint(), pdb debugger, or IDE integrated tools to debug class and object code.

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