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#preparecheck_args() && init() #start #根据配置决定是进行 copy_back, apply_log , bakcup 三种模式中的哪一个#下面具体介绍backup中(即备份)的具体过程copy_back() or apply_log() or backup() #以下是backup()函数中的内容
#检查cmdline提供的连接参数是否能够连接MySQL 实例#并执行一句select语句,检测健康状态b.1 mysql_open();b.2 mysql_close();
#该函数将调用xtrabackup进行备份。b.3 start_ibbackup();#fork一个子进程
b.3.1 fork()
#如果是父进程,则函数跳出,进入外层等待
b.3.2 if I'm parent:
#如果是子进程,则调用外部可执行文件xtrabackup
b.3.3 if I'm child:
execute(cmd_line);
#等待ibbackup,直到innodb相关文件的备份结束,并生成suspend文件。b.4 wait_for_ibbackup_suspend();-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------#执行到这一行时,意味着xtrabackup相关的备份工作已经完成#创建了一个suspend文件,等待文件被删除后退出。#在退出之前,xtrabackup仍然会不断扫描iblogfile,记录新的redo log-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#接着 ibbackup开始准备备份非 innodb类型的表#打开一个mysql命令管道,执行之后的所有mysql 命令#open(*MYSQL_WRITER, "| mysql $options >$mysql_stdout 2>$mysql_stderr ")b.5 mysql_open();
#如果配置了 safe-slave的参数,脚本会循环等待。#直到slave opened temp table =0,并stop slave (如果是mmm环境不宜配置这个参数,否则会导致mmm切换)b.6 wait_for_safe_slave();
#如果没有显示的配置 no-lock,此段脚本会尝试获得一枚全局锁#保证非innodb类型表备份时的consistencyb.7 if (!$option_no_lock)#在添加全局锁之前,先用rsync备份一次所有文件
#这样使得获得全局锁之后,只需要进行文件增量备份,以缩短全局锁时间。b.7.1 backup_files(1);
#正式开始获取全局锁的函数b.7.2 mysql_lockall();
------------------------------------------------全局锁开始分割线-------------------------------------------------------------#通过Flush 获得全局锁#由于Flush tables with read lock 会等待当前时间点前的所有事务的结束。详见链接#因此,此时如有通过start transaction发起的作业在运行时,Flush会等待作业的结束#并同时阻塞之后的所有读写请求。#即: long running transaction 和 innobackupex同时运行,会导致后者的阻塞,继而阻塞后续业务读写操作#如果非innodb引擎的表,不存放业务数据,则建议使用:no-lock参数b.7.2.1 mysql_send "FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK;"; b.7.2.2 mysql_send "COMMIT;";#记录当前binlog 信息b.7.2.3 write_binlog_info#记录用于change master 的信息b.7.2.4 write_slave_info #正式开始备份非innodb表,使用rsync#包括*.{frm,MYD,MYI,MRG,TRG,TRN,ARM,ARZ,CSM,CSV,opt,par} 类型文件b.8 backup_files () #删除suspend-file以唤醒xtrabackup,copy这段时间内的logfile#同时,等待xtrabackup进程的结束b.9 resume_ibbackup #通过unlock tables 释放全局锁b.10 mysql_unlockall()------------------------------------------------全局锁结束分割线-------------------------------------------------------------
#如果配置了safe-slave 则重新start slaveb.11 mysql_send('START SLAVE SQL_THREAD;');
#关闭执行mysql命令用的管道b.12 mysql_close();
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ACID attributes include atomicity, consistency, isolation and durability, and are the cornerstone of database design. 1. Atomicity ensures that the transaction is either completely successful or completely failed. 2. Consistency ensures that the database remains consistent before and after a transaction. 3. Isolation ensures that transactions do not interfere with each other. 4. Persistence ensures that data is permanently saved after transaction submission.

MySQL is not only a database management system (DBMS) but also closely related to programming languages. 1) As a DBMS, MySQL is used to store, organize and retrieve data, and optimizing indexes can improve query performance. 2) Combining SQL with programming languages, embedded in Python, using ORM tools such as SQLAlchemy can simplify operations. 3) Performance optimization includes indexing, querying, caching, library and table division and transaction management.

MySQL uses SQL commands to manage data. 1. Basic commands include SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE. 2. Advanced usage involves JOIN, subquery and aggregate functions. 3. Common errors include syntax, logic and performance issues. 4. Optimization tips include using indexes, avoiding SELECT* and using LIMIT.

MySQL is an efficient relational database management system suitable for storing and managing data. Its advantages include high-performance queries, flexible transaction processing and rich data types. In practical applications, MySQL is often used in e-commerce platforms, social networks and content management systems, but attention should be paid to performance optimization, data security and scalability.

The relationship between SQL and MySQL is the relationship between standard languages and specific implementations. 1.SQL is a standard language used to manage and operate relational databases, allowing data addition, deletion, modification and query. 2.MySQL is a specific database management system that uses SQL as its operating language and provides efficient data storage and management.

InnoDB uses redologs and undologs to ensure data consistency and reliability. 1.redologs record data page modification to ensure crash recovery and transaction persistence. 2.undologs records the original data value and supports transaction rollback and MVCC.

Key metrics for EXPLAIN commands include type, key, rows, and Extra. 1) The type reflects the access type of the query. The higher the value, the higher the efficiency, such as const is better than ALL. 2) The key displays the index used, and NULL indicates no index. 3) rows estimates the number of scanned rows, affecting query performance. 4) Extra provides additional information, such as Usingfilesort prompts that it needs to be optimized.

Usingtemporary indicates that the need to create temporary tables in MySQL queries, which are commonly found in ORDERBY using DISTINCT, GROUPBY, or non-indexed columns. You can avoid the occurrence of indexes and rewrite queries and improve query performance. Specifically, when Usingtemporary appears in EXPLAIN output, it means that MySQL needs to create temporary tables to handle queries. This usually occurs when: 1) deduplication or grouping when using DISTINCT or GROUPBY; 2) sort when ORDERBY contains non-index columns; 3) use complex subquery or join operations. Optimization methods include: 1) ORDERBY and GROUPB


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