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table_cache指定表高速缓存的大小。每当MySQL访问一个表时,如果在表缓冲区中还有空间,该表就被打开并放入其中,这样可以更快地访问表内容。通过检查峰值时间的状态值Open_tables和Opened_tables,可以决定是否需要增加table_cache的值。如果你发现open_tables等于table_cache,并且opened_tables在不断增长,那么你就需要增加table_cache的值了(上述状态值可以使用SHOW STATUS LIKE ‘Open%tables’获得)。注意,不能盲目地把table_cache设置成很大的值。如果设置得太高,可能会造成文件描述符不足,从而造成性能不稳定或者连接失败。
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首先是MyISAM:
从官方网站上面看,每个线程会独自持有一个数据文件的文件描述符,而索引文件的文件描述符是公用的。当table cache不够用的时候,MySQL会采用LRU算法踢掉最长时间没有使用的表。如果table_cache设置过小,MySQL就会反复打开、关闭 frm文件,造成一定的性能损失。那么,table_cache设置是不是越大越好呢?从table_cache negative scalability 这篇文章的测试可以看出,如果table_cache设置过大,MySQL将会消耗很多CPU去做 table cache的算法运算(具体是哪个算法目前不清楚,有可能是LRU)。因此table_cache的值一定要设置合理,没事多看一看 opened_tables参数,如果一直增长的话,就需要适当增加table_cache的值了。
接着是InnoDB:
InnoDB的元数据管理是放在共享表空间里面做的,所以获取表的结构不需要去反复解析frm文件,这是比MyISAM强的地方。即使 table_cache设置过小,对于InnoDB的影响也是很小的,因为它根本不需要反复打开、关闭frm文件去获取元数据。 根据How innodb_open_files affects performance这篇文章的测试可以看出,table_cache和 innodb_open_files的大小对InnoDB效率的影响比较小。但是在InnoDB crash的情况下, innodb_open_files设置过小会影响recovery的效率。所以用InnoDB的时候还是把 innodb_open_files放大一些比较合适。 bitsCN.com

ACID attributes include atomicity, consistency, isolation and durability, and are the cornerstone of database design. 1. Atomicity ensures that the transaction is either completely successful or completely failed. 2. Consistency ensures that the database remains consistent before and after a transaction. 3. Isolation ensures that transactions do not interfere with each other. 4. Persistence ensures that data is permanently saved after transaction submission.

MySQL is not only a database management system (DBMS) but also closely related to programming languages. 1) As a DBMS, MySQL is used to store, organize and retrieve data, and optimizing indexes can improve query performance. 2) Combining SQL with programming languages, embedded in Python, using ORM tools such as SQLAlchemy can simplify operations. 3) Performance optimization includes indexing, querying, caching, library and table division and transaction management.

MySQL uses SQL commands to manage data. 1. Basic commands include SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE. 2. Advanced usage involves JOIN, subquery and aggregate functions. 3. Common errors include syntax, logic and performance issues. 4. Optimization tips include using indexes, avoiding SELECT* and using LIMIT.

MySQL is an efficient relational database management system suitable for storing and managing data. Its advantages include high-performance queries, flexible transaction processing and rich data types. In practical applications, MySQL is often used in e-commerce platforms, social networks and content management systems, but attention should be paid to performance optimization, data security and scalability.

The relationship between SQL and MySQL is the relationship between standard languages and specific implementations. 1.SQL is a standard language used to manage and operate relational databases, allowing data addition, deletion, modification and query. 2.MySQL is a specific database management system that uses SQL as its operating language and provides efficient data storage and management.

InnoDB uses redologs and undologs to ensure data consistency and reliability. 1.redologs record data page modification to ensure crash recovery and transaction persistence. 2.undologs records the original data value and supports transaction rollback and MVCC.

Key metrics for EXPLAIN commands include type, key, rows, and Extra. 1) The type reflects the access type of the query. The higher the value, the higher the efficiency, such as const is better than ALL. 2) The key displays the index used, and NULL indicates no index. 3) rows estimates the number of scanned rows, affecting query performance. 4) Extra provides additional information, such as Usingfilesort prompts that it needs to be optimized.

Usingtemporary indicates that the need to create temporary tables in MySQL queries, which are commonly found in ORDERBY using DISTINCT, GROUPBY, or non-indexed columns. You can avoid the occurrence of indexes and rewrite queries and improve query performance. Specifically, when Usingtemporary appears in EXPLAIN output, it means that MySQL needs to create temporary tables to handle queries. This usually occurs when: 1) deduplication or grouping when using DISTINCT or GROUPBY; 2) sort when ORDERBY contains non-index columns; 3) use complex subquery or join operations. Optimization methods include: 1) ORDERBY and GROUPB


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