Revealing the underlying implementation of Go language: What is the secret behind the underlying technology?

As a programming language, Go language is loved and sought after by developers. It has become one of the preferred tools for many engineers due to its simplicity, efficiency, and ease of learning. However, the underlying implementation of the Go language is a part that many people are interested in but know little about. This article will delve into the mystery of the underlying implementation of the Go language and reveal the technical principles and implementation details behind it.

1. Stack management of Go language

In the underlying implementation of Go language, stack management is a very important part. The Go language uses a segmented stack to manage the stack space of the coroutine. Each coroutine has its own stack space, making the coroutines independent of each other. The Go language stack adopts a dynamic growth method. The size of the stack will expand and contract as needed, which can not only save memory space but also meet changes in stack requirements.

The following is a simple Go language code example that demonstrates the creation and use of coroutines:

package main

import "fmt"

func printHello() {
    fmt.Println("Hello, Go!")
}

func main() {
    go printHello()
    fmt.Println("Main goroutine")
}

In this code, we use go printHello() A new coroutine is created to execute the printHello function, while the main coroutine continues to execute the following code. This achieves concurrent execution.

2. Memory management of Go language

Another important underlying technology is the memory management of Go language. The Go language uses a technology called "garbage collection" to manage memory. The garbage collector automatically detects memory that is no longer in use and recycles it to free up memory space. This mechanism greatly reduces the burden of memory management on developers, making code writing more efficient and safer.

The following is a simple code example showing memory management in the Go language:

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
    slice := make([]int, 0, 10)
    for i := 0; i < 20; i++ {
        slice = append(slice, i)
        fmt.Printf("Length: %d, Capacity: %d
", len(slice), cap(slice))
    }
}

In this code, we create a slice slice, and Keep adding elements to it in a loop. Since the slice will be dynamically expanded when its capacity is insufficient, we can see that the length and capacity of the slice are constantly changing. The garbage collector will promptly reclaim unused memory to ensure efficient use of memory.

3. Scheduler of Go language

In addition to stack management and memory management, the underlying implementation of Go language is also inseparable from the scheduler. The Go language scheduler is responsible for managing the scheduling and execution of coroutines and ensuring the reasonable distribution and execution order between coroutines. The scheduler adopts a method called "preemptive scheduling", which switches coroutines at the appropriate time to ensure that each coroutine has a chance to execute.

The following is a simple code example that shows how the scheduler works in the Go language:

package main

import (
    "fmt"
    "runtime"
)

func printNumbers() {
    for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
        fmt.Printf("%d ", i)
        runtime.Gosched()
    }
}

func main() {
    go printNumbers()
    for i := 10; i > 0; i-- {
        fmt.Printf("%d ", i)
        runtime.Gosched()
    }
}

In this code, we created two coroutines to print numbers respectively. Call the runtime.Gosched() function to switch between coroutines to ensure that they can be executed alternately. The scheduler will perform reasonable scheduling based on the status of system resources and coroutines to achieve concurrent execution.

Summary

Through the introduction of this article, we have revealed some important technologies for the underlying implementation of the Go language, including stack management, memory management and scheduler. These underlying technologies ensure the efficiency and safety of the Go language, making it easier for developers to write concurrent programs. An in-depth understanding of the principles behind these technologies can help us better understand and utilize the potential of the Go language, thereby improving development efficiency and code quality.

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