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新手必看:一步到位之InnoDB
前言:MySQL发展到今天,InnoDB引擎已经作为绝对的主力,除了像大数据量分析等比较特殊领域需求外,它适用于众多场景。然而,仍有不少开发者还在“执迷不悟”的使用MyISAM引擎,觉得对InnoDB无法把握好,还是MyISAM简单省事,还能支持快速COUNT(*)。本文是由于最近几天帮忙处理discuz论坛有感而发,希望能对广大开发者有帮助。
1. 快速认识InnoDB
InnoDB是MySQL下使用最广泛的引擎,它是基于MySQL的高可扩展性和高性能存储引擎,从5.5版本开始,它已经成为了默认引擎。
InnODB引擎支持众多特性:
a) 支持ACID,简单地说就是支持事务完整性、一致性;
b) 支持行锁,以及类似ORACLE的一致性读,多用户并发;
c) 独有的聚集索引主键设计方式,可大幅提升并发读写性能;
d) 支持外键;
e) 支持崩溃数据自修复;
InnoDB有这么多特性,比MyISAM来的优秀多了,还犹豫什么,果断的切换到InnoDB引擎吧
2. 修改InnoDB配置选项
可以选择官方版本,或者Percona的分支,如果不知道在哪下载,就google吧。
安装完MySQL后,需要适当修改下my.cnf配置文件,针对InnoDB相关的选项做一些调整,才能较好的运行InnoDB。
相关的选项有:
#InnoDB存储数据字典、内部数据结构的缓冲池,16MB 已经足够大了。
innodb_additional_mem_pool_size = 16M
#InnoDB用于缓存数据、索引、锁、插入缓冲、数据字典等
#如果是专用的DB服务器,且以InnoDB引擎为主的场景,通常可设置物理内存的50%
#如果是非专用DB服务器,可以先尝试设置成内存的1/4,如果有问题再调整
#默认值是8M,非常坑X,这也是导致很多人觉得InnoDB不如MyISAM好用的缘故
innodb_buffer_pool_size = 4G
#InnoDB共享表空间初始化大小,默认是 10MB,也非常坑X,改成 1GB,并且自动扩展
innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:1G:autoextend
#如果不了解本选项,建议设置为1,能较好保护数据可靠性,对性能有一定影响,但可控
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 1
#InnoDB的log buffer,通常设置为 64MB 就足够了
innodb_log_buffer_size = 64M
#InnoDB redo log大小,通常设置256MB 就足够了
innodb_log_file_size = 256M
#InnoDB redo log文件组,通常设置为 2 就足够了
innodb_log_files_in_group = 2
#启用InnoDB的独立表空间模式,便于管理
innodb_file_per_table = 1
#启用InnoDB的status file,便于管理员查看以及监控等
innodb_status_file = 1
#设置事务隔离级别为 READ-COMMITED,提高事务效率,通常都满足事务一致性要求
transaction_isolation = READ-COMMITTED
在这里,其他配置选项也需要注意:
#设置最大并发连接数,如果前端程序是PHP,可适当加大,但不可过大
#如果前端程序采用连接池,可适当调小,避免连接数过大
max_connections = 60
#最大连接错误次数,可适当加大,防止频繁连接错误后,前端host被mysql拒绝掉
max_connect_errors = 100000
#设置慢查询阀值,建议设置最小的 1 秒
long_query_time = 1
#设置临时表最大值,这是每次连接都会分配,不宜设置过大 max_heap_table_size 和 tmp_table_size 要设置一样大
max_heap_table_size = 96M
tmp_table_size = 96M
#每个连接都会分配的一些排序、连接等缓冲,一般设置为 2MB 就足够了
sort_buffer_size = 2M
join_buffer_size = 2M
read_buffer_size = 2M
read_rnd_buffer_size = 2M
#建议关闭query cache,有些时候对性能反而是一种损害
query_cache_size = 0
#如果是以InnoDB引擎为主的DB,专用于MyISAM引擎的 key_buffer_size 可以设置较小,8MB 已足够
#如果是以MyISAM引擎为主,可设置较大,但不能超过4G
#在这里,强烈建议不使用MyISAM引擎,默认都是用InnoDB引擎
key_buffer_size = 8M
#设置连接超时阀值,如果前端程序采用短连接,建议缩短这2个值
#如果前端程序采用长连接,可直接注释掉这两个选项,是用默认配置(8小时)
interactive_timeout = 120
wait_timeout = 120
3. 开始使用InnoDB引擎
修改完配置文件,即可启动MySQL。启动完毕后,在MySQL的datadir目录下,若产生以下几个文件,则表示应该可以使用InnoDB引擎了。
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 1.0G Sep 21 17:25 ibdata1
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 256M Sep 21 17:25 ib_logfile0
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 256M Sep 21 10:50 ib_logfile1
登录MySQL后,执行命令,确认已启用InnoDB引擎:
(root:imysql.cn:Thu Oct 15 09:16:22 2009)[mysql]> show engines;
+------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+
| Engine | Support | Comment | Transactions | XA | Savepoints |
+------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+
| InnoDB | YES | Supports transactions, row-level locking, and foreign keys | YES | YES | YES |
接下来创建一个InnoDB表:
(root:imysql.cn:Thu Oct 15 09:16:22 2009)[mysql]>
CREATE TABLE my_innodb_talbe(
id INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
name VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT /'/',
passwd VARCHAR(32) NOT NULL DEFAULT /'/',
PRIMARY KEY(id),
UNIQUE KEY `idx_name`(name)
) ENGINE = InnoDB;
有几个和MySQL(尤其是InnoDB引擎)数据表设计相关的建议,希望开发者朋友能遵循:
a) 所有InnoDB数据表都创建一个和业务无关的自增数字型作为主键,对保证性能很有帮助;
b) 杜绝使用text/blob,确实需要使用的,尽可能拆分出去成一个独立的表;
c) 时间戳建议使用 TIMESTAMP 类型存储;
d) IPV4 地址建议用 INT UNSIGNED 类型存储;
e) 性别等非是即非的逻辑,建议采用 TINYINT 存储,而不是 CHAR(1);
f) 存储较长文本内容时,建议采用JSON/BSON格式存储
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