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HomeDatabaseMysql TutorialSQL联合语句的视觉解释_MySQL

  我认为Ligaya Turmelle的关于SQL联合(join)语句的帖子对于新开发者来说是份很好的材料。SQL 联合语句好像是基于集合的,用韦恩图来解释咋一看是很自然而然的。不过正如在她的帖子的回复中所说的,在测试中我发现韦恩图并不是十分的匹配SQL联合语法。

  不过我还是喜欢这个观点,所以我们来看看能不能用上韦恩图。假设我们有下面两张表。表A在左边,表B在右边。我们给它们各四条记录。

id name       id  name
-- ----       --  ----
1  Pirate     1   Rutabaga
2  Monkey     2   Pirate
3  Ninja      3   Darth Vader
4  Spaghetti  4   Ninja

  我们用过name字段用几种不同方式把这些表联合起来,看能否得到和那些漂亮的韦恩图在概念上的匹配。

SELECT * FROM TableA
INNER JOIN TableB
ON TableA.name = TableB.name

id  name       id   name
--  ----       --   ----
1   Pirate     2    Pirate
3   Ninja      4    Ninja

  内联合(inner join)只生成同时匹配表A和表B的记录集。(如下图)

inner join

  ——————————————————————————-

SELECT * FROM TableA
FULL OUTER JOIN TableB
ON TableA.name = TableB.name

id    name       id    name
--    ----       --    ----
1     Pirate     2     Pirate
2     Monkey     null  null
3     Ninja      4     Ninja
4     Spaghetti  null  null
null  null       1     Rutabaga       
null  null       3     Darth Vader

  全外联合(full outer join)生成表A和表B里的记录全集,包括两边都匹配的记录。如果有一边没有匹配的,缺失的这一边为null。(如下图)

  ——————————————————————————-

SELECT * FROM TableA
LEFT OUTER JOIN TableB
ON TableA.name = TableB.name

id  name       id    name
--  ----       --    ----
1   Pirate     2     Pirate
2   Monkey     null  null
3   Ninja      4     Ninja
4   Spaghetti  null  null

  左外联合(left outer join)生成表A的所有记录,包括在表B里匹配的记录。如果没有匹配的,右边将是null。(如下图)

  ——————————————————————————-

SELECT * FROM TableA
LEFT OUTER JOIN TableB
ON TableA.name = TableB.name
WHERE TableB.id IS null

id  name       id     name
--  ----       --     ----
2   Monkey     null   null
4   Spaghetti  null   null

  为了生成只在表A里而不在表B里的记录集,我们用同样的左外联合,然后用where语句排除我们不想要的记录。(如下图)

  ——————————————————————————-

SELECT * FROM TableA
FULL OUTER JOIN TableB
ON TableA.name = TableB.name
WHERE TableA.id IS null 
OR TableB.id IS null

id    name       id    name
--    ----       --    ----
2     Monkey     null  null
4     Spaghetti  null  null
null  null       1     Rutabaga
null  null       3     Darth Vader

  为了生成对于表A和表B唯一的记录集,我们用同样的全外联合,然后用where语句排除两边都不想要的记录。(如下图)

 

  ———————————————————–

  还有一种笛卡尔积或者交叉联合(cross join),据我所知不能用韦恩图表示:

SELECT * FROM TableA
CROSS JOIN TableB

  这个把“所有”联接到“所有”,产生4乘4=16行,远多于原始的集合。如果你学过数学,你便知道为什么这个联合遇上大型的表很危险。

  英文原文;Jeff Atwood,编译:伯乐在线 – @奇风余谷

  译文链接:http://blog.jobbole.com/40443/

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