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MySQL数据类型的最优选择
慎重选择数据类型很重要、为啥哩?可以提高性能、原理如下:
● 存储(内存、磁盘)、从而节省I/O(检索相同数据情况下)
● 计算、进而减负CPU负载
数据类型总体可分三种:数字、字符和时期
㈠ 数字
① 分类
② 为整数类型指定宽度没啥意义、硬说呢、大概也是为了显示字符的个数、人性化点
因为、对于存储和计算而言、INT(1)和INT(100)是相同的
③ 对于浮点、建议只指定数据类型、而不要指定精度
④ 对于定点、尽量只在对小数精确计算时才使用、如存储财务数据
但天朝某些财务软件在其数据库内使用float作为工资类型
赤裸裸的资本家的丑恶展现、鄙视!!!
⑤ 在数据量较大时、建议把实数类型转为整数类型
原因很简单:
● 浮点不精确
● 定点计算代价昂贵
例如:
要存放财务数据精确到万分之一、则可以把所有金额乘以一百万、然后存在BIGINT下
㈡ 字符串
① 分类
② 数据如何存储取决于存储引擎
char和varchar在不同引擎在内存和磁盘可能是不一样的
不过、对于char、在填充和截取上是一样的、因为、
这部分是在Server层完成的
③ 常见 char 使用场景
● 很短的字符串或所有值都接近同一个长度、如存储密码的MD5值
● 经常变更的列、因为char产生的碎片少
● 非常短的列、如性别、char(1)的效率更好、毕竟varchar(1)浪费了1一个字节
④ 和字符集的那点猫腻
CSDN 有个讨论非常热的帖子:有人认为unicode跟utf-8是等同的吗? 点击看讨论贴
我赶脚、这其实没啥好讨论的、因为、这两个根本就是两回事
Unicode 是字符编码
utf8 是字符集
对Unicode编码的字符集、墙裂建议使用varchar
显然、utf8 也是Unicode 编码的、而且、随着国际化趋势、utf8 是首选
那么、结果是、在char 和 varchar 竞争里、varchar 便是最大赢家
可通过下列方法查看MySQL Unicode支持的字符集以及当前的字符集
[plain]
mysql> select CHARACTER_SET_NAME from character_sets
-> where DESCRIPTION like '%Unicode%'/G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
CHARACTER_SET_NAME: utf8
*************************** 2. row ***************************
CHARACTER_SET_NAME: ucs2
*************************** 3. row ***************************
CHARACTER_SET_NAME: utf8mb4
*************************** 4. row ***************************
CHARACTER_SET_NAME: utf16
*************************** 5. row ***************************
CHARACTER_SET_NAME: utf32
5 rows in set (0.06 sec)
mysql> status;
--------------
mysql Ver 14.14 Distrib 5.5.16, for Linux (i686) using EditLine wrapper
Connection id: 1
Current database: information_schema
Current user: root@localhost
SSL: Not in use
Current pager: stdout
Using outfile: ''
Using delimiter: ;
Server version: 5.5.16-log Source distribution
Protocol version: 10
Connection: Localhost via UNIX socket
Server characterset: latin1
Db characterset: utf8
Client characterset: utf8
Conn. characterset: utf8
UNIX socket: /tmp/mysql.sock
Uptime: 2 min 9 sec
⑤ 对于InnoDB 建议使用varchar
现在很多场合都使用了InnoDB、算下来、varchar 又赢了
⑥ 存储大数据
● BLOB:采用二进制存储、没有字符集或排序规则
● TEXT:采用字符方式存储、有字符集和排序规则
最好尽量避免使用这两、如果可以、可以把BLOB货TEXT 列分离成单独的表
对于使用了BLOB或TEXT大量删除或更新时、
建议定期使用 optimize table 碎片整理
㈢ 日期和时间类型
常见的有 datatime、timestamp 和 date
从存储上看、timestamp 占 4 个字节、其他两个 8 个字节
所以、若无意外、最好尽量使用 timestamp 、即使它比较调皮、例如和时区相关
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