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where group by联合使用
select 列a,聚合函数 from 表名 where 过滤条件 group by 列a having 过滤条件
group by 字句也和where条件语句结合在一起使用。当结合在一起时,where在前,group by 在后。即先对select xx from xx的记录集合用where进行筛选,然后再使用group by 对筛选后的结果进行分组 使用having字句对分组后的结果进行筛选
需要注意having和where的用法区别:
1.having只能用在group by之后,对分组后的结果进行筛选(即使用having的前提条件是分组)。
2.where肯定在group by 之前
3.where后的条件表达式里不允许使用聚合函数,而having可以。
四、当一个查询语句同时出现了where,group by,having,order by的时候,执行顺序和编写顺序是:
1.执行where xx对全表数据做筛选,返回第1个结果集。
2.针对第1个结果集使用group by分组,返回第2个结果集。
3.针对第2个结果集中的每1组数据执行select xx,有几组就执行几次,返回第3个结果集。
4.针对第3个结集执行having xx进行筛选,返回第4个结果集。
5.针对第4个结果集排序。
例子:
完成一个复杂的查询语句,需求如下:
按由高到低的顺序显示个人平均分在70分以上的学生姓名和平均分,为了尽可能地提高平均分,在计算平均分前不包括分数在60分以下的成绩,并且也不计算贱人(jr)的成绩。
分析:
1.要求显示学生姓名和平均分
因此确定第1步
select s_name,avg(score) from student
2.计算平均分前不包括分数在60分以下的成绩,并且也不计算贱人(jr)的成绩
因此确定第2步
where score>=60 and s_name !=’jr’
3.显示个人平均分
相同名字的学生(同一个学生)考了多门科目 因此按姓名分组
确定第3步
group by s_name
4.显示个人平均分在70分以上
因此确定第4步
having avg(s_score)>=70
5.按由高到低的顺序
因此确定第5步
order by avg(s_score) desc
前面也记录一篇
http://www.bitsCN.com/database/201212/179348.html
五、索引
1.索引是单独的数据库对象,索引也需要被维护。
2.索引可以提高查询速度,但会降增删改的速度。
3.通过一定的查询触发,并不是越多越好。
什么时候不适合用索引?
1.当增删改的操作大于查询的操作时。
2.查询的语句大于所有语句的三分之一时。
创建索引语法:create index 索引名 on 表明 (列名) 删除索引语法:drop index 索引名
bitsCN.com

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