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MYSQL主从不同步延迟原理
1. MySQL数据库主从同步延迟原理。
要说延时原理,得从mysql的数据库主从复制原理说起,mysql的主从复制都是单线程的操作,
主库对所有DDL和DML产生binlog,binlog是顺序写,所以效率很高,slave的Slave_IO_Running线程到主库取日志,效率很比较高,下一步,问题来了,slave的Slave_SQL_Running线程将主库的DDL和DML操作在slave实施。DML和DDL的IO操作是随即的,不是顺序的,成本高很多,还可能可slave上的其他查询产生lock争用,由于Slave_SQL_Running也是单线程的,所以一个DDL卡主了,需要执行10分钟,那么所有之后的DDL会等待这个DDL执行完才会继续执行,这就导致了延时。有朋友会问:“主库上那个相同的DDL也需要执行10分,为什么slave会延时?”,答案是master可以并发,Slave_SQL_Running线程却不可以。
2. MySQL数据库主从同步延迟是怎么产生的。
当主库的TPS并发较高时,产生的DDL数量超过slave一个sql线程所能承受的范围,那么延时就产生了,当然还有就是可能与slave的大型query语句产生了锁等待。
3. MySQL数据库主从同步延迟解决方案。
丁奇的transefer是一个不错的方案,不过一般公司受限于对mysql的代码修改能力的限制和对mysql的掌控能力,还是不太适合。
最简单的减少slave同步延时的方案就是在架构上做优化,尽量让主库的DDL快速执行。还有就是主库是写,对数据安全性较高,比如sync_binlog=1,innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 1 之类的设置,而slave则不需要这么高的数据安全,完全可以讲sync_binlog设置为0或者关闭binlog,innodb_flushlog也可以设置为0来提高sql的执行效率。另外就是使用比主库更好的硬件设备作为slave。
mysql-5.6.3已经支持了多线程的主从复制。原理和丁奇的类似,丁奇的是以表做多线程,oracle使用的是以数据库(schema)为单位做多线程,不同的库可以使用不同的复制线程。
sync_binlog=1 o
This makes MySQL synchronize the binary log’s contents to disk each time it commits a transaction
默认情况下,并不是每次写入时都将binlog与硬盘同步。因此如果操作系统或机器(不仅仅是MySQL服务器)崩溃,有可能binlog中最后的语句丢 失了。要想防止这种情况,你可以使用sync_binlog全局变量(1是最安全的值,但也是最慢的),使binlog在每N次binlog写入后与硬盘 同步。即使sync_binlog设置为1,出现崩溃时,也有可能表内容和binlog内容之间存在不一致性。如果使用InnoDB表,MySQL服务器 处理COMMIT语句,它将整个事务写入binlog并将事务提交到InnoDB中。如果在两次操作之间出现崩溃,重启时,事务被InnoDB回滚,但仍 然存在binlog中。可以用--innodb-safe-binlog选项来增加InnoDB表内容和binlog之间的一致性。(注释:在MySQL 5.1中不需要--innodb-safe-binlog;由于引入了XA事务支持,该选项作废了),该选项可以提供更大程度的安全,使每个事务的 binlog(sync_binlog =1)和(默认情况为真)InnoDB日志与硬盘同步,该选项的效果是崩溃后重启时,在滚回事务后,MySQL服务器从binlog剪切回滚的 InnoDB事务。这样可以确保binlog反馈InnoDB表的确切数据等,并使从服务器保持与主服务器保持同步(不接收 回滚的语句)。
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit (这个很管用)
抱怨Innodb比MyISAM慢 100倍?那么你大概是忘了调整这个值。默认值1的意思是每一次事务提交或事务外的指令都需要把日志写入(flush)硬盘,这是很费时的。特别是使用电 池供电缓存(Battery backed up cache)时。设成2对于很多运用,特别是从MyISAM表转过来的是可以的,它的意思是不写入硬盘而是写入系统缓存。日志仍然会每秒flush到硬 盘,所以你一般不会丢失超过1-2秒的更新。设成0会更快一点,但安全方面比较差,即使MySQL挂了也可能会丢失事务的数据。而值2只会在整个操作系统 挂了时才可能丢数据。

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