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一、随机查询一条数据

方法一:SELECT * FROM `table` ORDER BY RAND() limit 1

评价:不建议使用,效率非常低,官方文档中进行说明:Order By和RAND()连用,会多次扫描表,导致速度变慢。

方法二:SELECT * FROM `table`
  WHERE id >= (SELECT floor(RAND() * (SELECT MAX(id) FROM `table`))) 
  ORDER BY id LIMIT 1;

      解释:SELECT MAX(id) FROM `table` 这句话查询出最大的id值

               SELECT floor(RAND() * (SELECT MAX(id) FROM `table`)) 这句获取一个小于MAX(id)的随机数

WHERE id >= (SELECT floor(RAND() * (SELECT MAX(id) FROM `table`))) 这句话筛选出所有的大于生成随机数的id的行

    然后最后就把大于这个随机id的行查询出来,然后按照id排序,选择第一个,就相当与获取了所有行中随机的一行。

         评价:有问题,如果id不是从0开始的话,比如从10000开始自增,那么 SELECT floor(RAND() * (SELECT MAX(id) FROM `table`)) 得到的将是会哟很大概率得到小于10000的值,经过where限定的查询结果将会是所有的查询结果的几率变大,最后limit 1获取的是第一行数据的几率变高。

方法三:SELECT * FROM `table`
WHERE id >= (SELECT floor( RAND() * ((SELECT MAX(id) FROM `table`)-(SELECT MIN(id) FROM `table`)) + (SELECTMIN(id) FROM `table`)))   ORDER BY id LIMIT 1;

方法四:SELECT *
FROM `table` AS t1 JOIN (SELECT ROUND(RAND() * ((SELECT MAX(id) FROM `table`)-(SELECT MIN(id) FROM `table`))+

(SELECT MIN(id) FROM `table`)) AS id) AS t2
WHERE t1.id >= t2.id
ORDER BY t1.id LIMIT 1;

评价:解决了方法二中MAX(id)的问题,RAND() * ((SELECT MAX(id) FROM `table`)-(SELECT MIN(id) FROM `table`)) + (SELECTMIN(id) FROM `table`)可以获取MAX(id)和MIN(id)中的随机数。

方法四要比方法三稍快一点,http://www.bitsCN.com/article/42229.htm 这篇文章指出,15w条数据前者花费时间 0.147433 秒,后者花费时间 0.015130 秒。

以上解决方案都默认有一个不重复的数字字段,其实现在很多表的设计都是以一个自增段作为主键,当然还有一些是以uuid作为主键的,而没有数字键,这样的话,可以用mysql的函数将uuid的字符串转换成数字。而且还有一个问题,如果id字段的数字分布不均匀的话(比如按照1,4,5,6,7,8,45这样分布),也会造成随机查询的不合理,但是这里就不讨论那么复杂的问题了。

二、随机查询多条数据

方法一:把随机查询一条数据的limit 1修改成limit 5

评价:这样获取的数据会是连续的。

方法二:

SELECT *

FROM `table` AS t1 JOIN (

SELECT ROUND(RAND() * ((SELECT MAX(id) FROM `table`)-(SELECT MIN(id) FROM `table`))+(SELECT MIN(id) FROM `table`)) AS id

from `table` limit 50) AS t2 on t1.id=t2.id

ORDER BY t1.id LIMIT 1;

解释:

SELECT ROUND(RAND() * ((SELECT MAX(id) FROM `table`)-(SELECT MIN(id) FROM `table`))+(SELECT MIN(id) FROM `table`)) AS id

from `table` limit 50)这样会获取50个随机数字,然后on t1.id=t2.id会挑选出不大于50行的随机数据,然后取5条就好了。

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