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FAISS CGO throws 'undefined symbols for architecture arm64' when using libfaiss_c.a

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Feb 08, 2024 pm 10:48 PM

overflow

使用 libfaiss_c.a 时，FAISS CGO 抛出“架构 arm64 的未定义符号”

php editor Zimo encountered a problem when using libfaiss_c.a, that is, FAISS CGO threw an "undefined symbol for architecture arm64" error. This error may be caused by missing some symbols when using libfaiss_c.a on 64-bit ARM architecture. To solve this problem, you can try to update or recompile libfaiss_c.a to make sure it is the version suitable for the arm64 architecture. Additionally, you can check that the correct compile and link options are used. I hope these solutions can help developers who encounter similar problems.

Question content

I'm trying to write a standalone go-faiss wrapper to call FAISS's KMEANS function. Warehouse: https://www.php.cn/link/4e4faae72b1c3cbd446a70e89e59d8fc

This approach is inspired by https://github.com/andyalm/faissmask/tree/master/FaissMask/runtimes

FAISS static librarylibfaiss_c.aBuild using -DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=OFF

When I link this library with CGO, I get

error log

# faiss-go/pkg/ivf.test
/usr/local/go/pkg/tool/darwin_arm64/link: running clang failed: exit status 1
Undefined symbols for architecture arm64:
  "faiss::Clustering::Clustering(int, int)", referenced from:
      _faiss_Clustering_new in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
  "faiss::Clustering::Clustering(int, int, faiss::ClusteringParameters const&)", referenced from:
      _faiss_Clustering_new_with_params in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
  "faiss::kmeans_clustering(unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long, float const*, float*)", referenced from:
      _faiss_kmeans_clustering in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
  "faiss::ClusteringParameters::ClusteringParameters()", referenced from:
      _faiss_ClusteringParameters_init in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      _faiss_Clustering_new_with_params in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
  "std::exception_ptr::exception_ptr(std::exception_ptr const&)", referenced from:
      _faiss_get_last_error in libfaiss_c.a(error_impl.cpp.o)
  "std::exception_ptr::~exception_ptr()", referenced from:
      _faiss_get_last_error in libfaiss_c.a(error_impl.cpp.o)
      thread-local wrapper routine for faiss_last_exception in libfaiss_c.a(error_impl.cpp.o)
      _faiss_Clustering_new in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      _faiss_Clustering_new_with_params in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      _faiss_Clustering_train in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      _faiss_kmeans_clustering in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      _faiss_kmeans_clustering.cold.1 in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      ...
  "std::exception_ptr::operator=(std::exception_ptr const&)", referenced from:
      _faiss_Clustering_new in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      _faiss_Clustering_new_with_params in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      _faiss_Clustering_train in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      _faiss_kmeans_clustering in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      _faiss_kmeans_clustering.cold.1 in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      _faiss_kmeans_clustering.cold.2 in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
  "std::runtime_error::runtime_error(char const*)", referenced from:
      _faiss_Clustering_new in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      _faiss_Clustering_new_with_params in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      _faiss_Clustering_train in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      _faiss_kmeans_clustering in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
  "std::runtime_error::runtime_error(std::runtime_error const&)", referenced from:
      std::exception_ptr std::make_exception_ptr[abi:v15006]<std::runtime_error>(std::runtime_error) in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      _faiss_Clustering_train in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      _faiss_kmeans_clustering in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
  "std::runtime_error::~runtime_error()", referenced from:
      _faiss_Clustering_new in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      std::exception_ptr std::make_exception_ptr[abi:v15006]<std::runtime_error>(std::runtime_error) in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      _faiss_Clustering_new_with_params in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      _faiss_Clustering_train in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      _faiss_kmeans_clustering in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      _faiss_kmeans_clustering.cold.2 in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
  "std::__1::basic_string<char, std::__1::char_traits<char>, std::__1::allocator<char>>::basic_string(std::__1::basic_string<char, std::__1::char_traits<char>, std::__1::allocator<char>> const&)", referenced from:
      std::exception_ptr std::make_exception_ptr[abi:v15006]<faiss::FaissException>(faiss::FaissException) in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      faiss::FaissException::FaissException(faiss::FaissException const&) in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      _faiss_Clustering_train in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      _faiss_kmeans_clustering in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
  "std::exception::~exception()", referenced from:
      _faiss_Clustering_new in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      std::exception_ptr std::make_exception_ptr[abi:v15006]<std::exception>(std::exception) in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      _faiss_Clustering_new_with_params in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      _faiss_Clustering_train in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      _faiss_kmeans_clustering in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      _faiss_kmeans_clustering.cold.1 in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
  "std::exception::~exception()", referenced from:
      std::exception_ptr std::make_exception_ptr[abi:v15006]<faiss::FaissException>(faiss::FaissException) in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      faiss::FaissException::FaissException(faiss::FaissException const&) in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      faiss::FaissException::~FaissException() in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      _faiss_Clustering_train in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      _faiss_kmeans_clustering in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
  "std::current_exception()", referenced from:
      std::exception_ptr std::make_exception_ptr[abi:v15006]<std::runtime_error>(std::runtime_error) in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      std::exception_ptr std::make_exception_ptr[abi:v15006]<std::exception>(std::exception) in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      std::exception_ptr std::make_exception_ptr[abi:v15006]<faiss::FaissException>(faiss::FaissException) in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      _faiss_Clustering_train in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      _faiss_kmeans_clustering in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
  "std::rethrow_exception(std::exception_ptr)", referenced from:
      _faiss_get_last_error in libfaiss_c.a(error_impl.cpp.o)
  "std::terminate()", referenced from:
      ___clang_call_terminate in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
  "typeinfo for faiss::FaissException", referenced from:
      std::exception_ptr std::make_exception_ptr[abi:v15006]<faiss::FaissException>(faiss::FaissException) in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      _faiss_Clustering_train in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      _faiss_kmeans_clustering in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      GCC_except_table21 in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      GCC_except_table28 in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      GCC_except_table29 in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      GCC_except_table31 in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      ...
  "typeinfo for std::runtime_error", referenced from:
      std::exception_ptr std::make_exception_ptr[abi:v15006]<std::runtime_error>(std::runtime_error) in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      _faiss_Clustering_train in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      _faiss_kmeans_clustering in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
  "typeinfo for std::exception", referenced from:
      GCC_except_table0 in libfaiss_c.a(error_impl.cpp.o)
      std::exception_ptr std::make_exception_ptr[abi:v15006]<std::exception>(std::exception) in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      _faiss_Clustering_train in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      _faiss_kmeans_clustering in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      GCC_except_table21 in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      GCC_except_table28 in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      GCC_except_table29 in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      ...
  "vtable for faiss::FaissException", referenced from:
      std::exception_ptr std::make_exception_ptr[abi:v15006]<faiss::FaissException>(faiss::FaissException) in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      faiss::FaissException::FaissException(faiss::FaissException const&) in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      faiss::FaissException::~FaissException() in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      _faiss_Clustering_train in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      _faiss_kmeans_clustering in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
  NOTE: a missing vtable usually means the first non-inline virtual member function has no definition.
  "vtable for std::exception", referenced from:
      _faiss_Clustering_new in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      std::exception_ptr std::make_exception_ptr[abi:v15006]<std::exception>(std::exception) in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      _faiss_Clustering_new_with_params in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      _faiss_Clustering_train in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      _faiss_kmeans_clustering in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
  NOTE: a missing vtable usually means the first non-inline virtual member function has no definition.
  "operator delete(void*)", referenced from:
      _faiss_Clustering_new in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      faiss::FaissException::~FaissException() in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      _faiss_Clustering_new_with_params in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      _faiss_Clustering_train in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      _faiss_kmeans_clustering in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
  "operator new(unsigned long)", referenced from:
      _faiss_Clustering_new in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      _faiss_Clustering_new_with_params in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
  "___cxa_allocate_exception", referenced from:
      std::exception_ptr std::make_exception_ptr[abi:v15006]<std::runtime_error>(std::runtime_error) in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      std::exception_ptr std::make_exception_ptr[abi:v15006]<std::exception>(std::exception) in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      std::exception_ptr std::make_exception_ptr[abi:v15006]<faiss::FaissException>(faiss::FaissException) in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      _faiss_Clustering_train in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      _faiss_kmeans_clustering in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
  "___cxa_begin_catch", referenced from:
      _faiss_get_last_error in libfaiss_c.a(error_impl.cpp.o)
      _faiss_Clustering_new in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      std::exception_ptr std::make_exception_ptr[abi:v15006]<std::runtime_error>(std::runtime_error) in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      ___clang_call_terminate in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      std::exception_ptr std::make_exception_ptr[abi:v15006]<std::exception>(std::exception) in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      std::exception_ptr std::make_exception_ptr[abi:v15006]<faiss::FaissException>(faiss::FaissException) in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      _faiss_Clustering_new_with_params in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      ...
  "___cxa_end_catch", referenced from:
      _faiss_get_last_error in libfaiss_c.a(error_impl.cpp.o)
      _faiss_Clustering_new in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      std::exception_ptr std::make_exception_ptr[abi:v15006]<std::runtime_error>(std::runtime_error) in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      std::exception_ptr std::make_exception_ptr[abi:v15006]<std::exception>(std::exception) in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      std::exception_ptr std::make_exception_ptr[abi:v15006]<faiss::FaissException>(faiss::FaissException) in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      _faiss_Clustering_new_with_params in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      _faiss_Clustering_train in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      ...
  "___cxa_free_exception", referenced from:
      std::exception_ptr std::make_exception_ptr[abi:v15006]<faiss::FaissException>(faiss::FaissException) in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      _faiss_Clustering_train in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      _faiss_kmeans_clustering in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
  "___cxa_throw", referenced from:
      std::exception_ptr std::make_exception_ptr[abi:v15006]<std::runtime_error>(std::runtime_error) in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      std::exception_ptr std::make_exception_ptr[abi:v15006]<std::exception>(std::exception) in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      std::exception_ptr std::make_exception_ptr[abi:v15006]<faiss::FaissException>(faiss::FaissException) in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      _faiss_Clustering_train in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      _faiss_kmeans_clustering in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
  "___gxx_personality_v0", referenced from:
      _faiss_get_last_error in libfaiss_c.a(error_impl.cpp.o)
      _faiss_Clustering_new in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      std::exception_ptr std::make_exception_ptr[abi:v15006]<std::runtime_error>(std::runtime_error) in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      std::exception_ptr std::make_exception_ptr[abi:v15006]<std::exception>(std::exception) in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      std::exception_ptr std::make_exception_ptr[abi:v15006]<faiss::FaissException>(faiss::FaissException) in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      faiss::FaissException::FaissException(faiss::FaissException const&) in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      _faiss_Clustering_new_with_params in libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o)
      ...
ld: symbol(s) not found for architecture arm64
clang: error: linker command failed with exit code 1 (use -v to see invocation)

I'm using these CGO headers

/*
#cgo darwin LDFLAGS: -L${SRCDIR}/../../cgo/thirdparty/runtimes/osx-arm64/native -lfaiss_c

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <faiss/c_api/Clustering_c.h>
#include <faiss/c_api/impl/AuxIndexStructures_c.h>
#include <faiss/c_api/index_factory_c.h>
#include <faiss/c_api/error_c.h>
*/

However, when we build

libfaiss_c.dylib using -DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=ON and add libfaiss_c.dylib to /usr/local/lib This CGO code works fine. The CGO header now looks like this

/*
#cgo LDFLAGS: -lfaiss_c

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <faiss/c_api/Clustering_c.h>
#include <faiss/c_api/impl/AuxIndexStructures_c.h>
#include <faiss/c_api/index_factory_c.h>
#include <faiss/c_api/error_c.h>
*/

Please help me link

*.a files with CGO from custom path.

Update 1

When I have these files in

/usr/local/lib

Test run

These files written to

/usr/local/lib are created using the following make file

GIT_COMMAND ?= git
FAISS_COMMIT ?= d87888b13e7eb339bb9c45825e9d20def6665171

all: faiss

.PHONY: faiss
faiss:
    if [ -e faiss ]; then \
        cd faiss && ${GIT_COMMAND} fetch origin && git reset --hard  $(FAISS_COMMIT); \
    else \
        ${GIT_COMMAND} clone https://github.com/facebookresearch/faiss.git && cd faiss && git reset --hard  $(FAISS_COMMIT); \
    fi
    cd faiss && \
        export CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH=/opt/homebrew/opt/openblas:/opt/homebrew/opt/libomp:/opt/homebrew && \
        cmake -B build -DFAISS_ENABLE_GPU=OFF -DFAISS_ENABLE_C_API=ON -DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=ON -DFAISS_ENABLE_PYTHON=OFF . && \
        make -C build && \
        sudo make -C build install && \
        sudo cp build/c_api/libfaiss_c.dylib /usr/local/lib/libfaiss_c.dylib

Update 2

For go-rocks database library, https://github.com/linxGnu/grocksdb#build

They also recommend installing/building the rocksdb library locally and linking it with the cgo interface.

Is this method of independently building the static library "*.a" and providing it as an independent library valid?

Update 3

Go version

$ go version
go version go1.20 darwin/arm64

Operating system and processor architecture?

<p>$ go env
GO111MODULE="on"
GOARCH="arm64"
GOBIN=""
GOEXE=""
GOEXPERIMENT=""
GOFLAGS=""
GOHOSTARCH="arm64"
GOHOSTOS="darwin"
GOINSECURE=""
GONOPROXY=""
GONOSUMDB=""
GOOS="darwin"
GOPRIVATE=""
GOPROXY="https://proxy.golang.org,direct"
GOROOT="/usr/local/go"
GOSUMDB="sum.golang.org"
GOTMPDIR=""
GOTOOLDIR="/usr/local/go/pkg/tool/darwin_arm64"
GOVCS=""
GOVERSION="go1.20"
GCCGO="gccgo"
AR="ar"
CC="clang"
CXX="clang++"
CGO_ENABLED="1"
GOMOD="/Users/me/GolandProjects/0learning/faiss-cgo-kmeans/go.mod"
GOWORK=""
CGO_CFLAGS="-O2 -g"
CGO_CPPFLAGS=""
CGO_CXXFLAGS="-O2 -g"
CGO_FFLAGS="-O2 -g"
CGO_LDFLAGS="-O2 -g"
PKG_CONFIG="pkg-config"
</p>

Update 4

refer to: https://stackoverflow.com/a/63321095/1609570

<code>➜  native git:(master) otool -L libfaiss_c.a
Archive : libfaiss_c.a
libfaiss_c.a(AutoTune_c.cpp.o):
libfaiss_c.a(Clustering_c.cpp.o):
libfaiss_c.a(IndexFlat_c.cpp.o):
libfaiss_c.a(IndexIVFFlat_c.cpp.o):
libfaiss_c.a(IndexIVF_c.cpp.o):
libfaiss_c.a(IndexLSH_c.cpp.o):
libfaiss_c.a(IndexPreTransform_c.cpp.o):
libfaiss_c.a(VectorTransform_c.cpp.o):
libfaiss_c.a(IndexShards_c.cpp.o):
libfaiss_c.a(IndexReplicas_c.cpp.o):
libfaiss_c.a(Index_c.cpp.o):
libfaiss_c.a(IndexBinary_c.cpp.o):
libfaiss_c.a(IndexScalarQuantizer_c.cpp.o):
libfaiss_c.a(MetaIndexes_c.cpp.o):
libfaiss_c.a(clone_index_c.cpp.o):
libfaiss_c.a(error_impl.cpp.o):
libfaiss_c.a(index_factory_c.cpp.o):
libfaiss_c.a(index_io_c.cpp.o):
libfaiss_c.a(AuxIndexStructures_c.cpp.o):
libfaiss_c.a(distances_c.cpp.o):
➜  native git:(master) 


</code>

Solution

Thanks to @HarishGanesan for pointing out that

FAISS c_api depends on FAISS and static linking needs to include it as well.

After studying the

c-rocksdb implementation of CockroachDB, I found some additional flags that can help resolve the architecture arm64 error undefined symbols<pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'>/* #cgo CPPFLAGS: -Ithirdparty/libfaiss-src/c_api #cgo CFLAGS: -Ithirdparty/libfaiss-src/c_api #cgo darwin LDFLAGS: -Lthirdparty/runtimes/osx-arm64/native -lfaiss_c -lfaiss -lomp #cgo darwin LDFLAGS: -Wl,-undefined -Wl,dynamic_lookup #cgo !darwin LDFLAGS: -Wl,-unresolved-symbols=ignore-all #include <stdlib.h> #include <Clustering_c.h> #include <impl/AuxIndexStructures_c.h> #include <index_factory_c.h> #include <error_c.h> */</pre>

This code currently works on the Macbook M1 chip and M2 chip.

The complete code can be found

here.

Update 1

https://www.php.cn/link/307eb8ee16198da891c521eca21464c1

https://www.php.cn/link/d585d095b00cd2f5b50acb64add23834

These projects are good reference points for static linking against external C libraries.

The above is the detailed content of FAISS CGO throws 'undefined symbols for architecture arm64' when using libfaiss_c.a. For more information, please follow other related articles on the PHP Chinese website!

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Implementing concurrency in Go can be achieved by using goroutines and channels. 1) Use goroutines to perform tasks in parallel, such as enjoying music and observing friends at the same time in the example. 2) Securely transfer data between goroutines through channels, such as producer and consumer models. 3) Avoid excessive use of goroutines and deadlocks, and design the system reasonably to optimize concurrent programs.

Building Concurrent Data Structures in GoMay 04, 2025 am 12:09 AM

Gooffersmultipleapproachesforbuildingconcurrentdatastructures,includingmutexes,channels,andatomicoperations.1)Mutexesprovidesimplethreadsafetybutcancauseperformancebottlenecks.2)Channelsofferscalabilitybutmayblockiffullorempty.3)Atomicoperationsareef

Comparing Go's Error Handling to Other Programming LanguagesMay 04, 2025 am 12:09 AM

Go'serrorhandlingisexplicit,treatingerrorsasreturnedvaluesratherthanexceptions,unlikePythonandJava.1)Go'sapproachensureserrorawarenessbutcanleadtoverbosecode.2)PythonandJavauseexceptionsforcleanercodebutmaymisserrors.3)Go'smethodpromotesrobustnessand

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