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基本概念
• 字符(Character)是指人类语言中最小的表义符号。例如'A'、'B'等；
• 给定一系列字符，对每个字符赋予一个数值，用数值来代表对应的字符，这一数值就是字符的编码(Encoding)。例如，我们给字符'A'赋予数值0，给字符'B'赋予数值1，则0就是字符'A'的编码；
• 给定一系列字符并赋予对应的编码后，所有这些字符和编码对组成的集合就是字符集(Character Set)。例如，给定字符列表为{'A','B'}时，{'A'=>0, 'B'=>1}就是一个字符集；
• 字符序(Collation)是指在同一字符集内字符之间的比较规则；
• 确定字符序后，才能在一个字符集上定义什么是等价的字符，以及字符之间的大小关系；
• 每个字符序唯一对应一种字符集，但一个字符集可以对应多种字符序，其中有一个是默认字符序(Default Collation)；
• MySQL中的字符序名称遵从命名惯例：以字符序对应的字符集名称开头；以_ci(表示大小写不敏感)、_cs(表示大小写敏感)或_bin(表示按编码值比较)结尾。例如：在字符序``utf8_general_ci''下，字符``a''和``A''是等价的；
MySQL字符集设置
• 系统变量：
Explain the role of InnoDB redo logs and undo logs.Apr 15, 2025 am 12:16 AMInnoDB uses redologs and undologs to ensure data consistency and reliability. 1.redologs record data page modification to ensure crash recovery and transaction persistence. 2.undologs records the original data value and supports transaction rollback and MVCC.
What are the key metrics to look for in an EXPLAIN output (type, key, rows, Extra)?Apr 15, 2025 am 12:15 AMKey metrics for EXPLAIN commands include type, key, rows, and Extra. 1) The type reflects the access type of the query. The higher the value, the higher the efficiency, such as const is better than ALL. 2) The key displays the index used, and NULL indicates no index. 3) rows estimates the number of scanned rows, affecting query performance. 4) Extra provides additional information, such as Usingfilesort prompts that it needs to be optimized.
What is the Using temporary status in EXPLAIN and how to avoid it?Apr 15, 2025 am 12:14 AMUsingtemporary indicates that the need to create temporary tables in MySQL queries, which are commonly found in ORDERBY using DISTINCT, GROUPBY, or non-indexed columns. You can avoid the occurrence of indexes and rewrite queries and improve query performance. Specifically, when Usingtemporary appears in EXPLAIN output, it means that MySQL needs to create temporary tables to handle queries. This usually occurs when: 1) deduplication or grouping when using DISTINCT or GROUPBY; 2) sort when ORDERBY contains non-index columns; 3) use complex subquery or join operations. Optimization methods include: 1) ORDERBY and GROUPB
Describe the different SQL transaction isolation levels (Read Uncommitted, Read Committed, Repeatable Read, Serializable) and their implications in MySQL/InnoDB.Apr 15, 2025 am 12:11 AMMySQL/InnoDB supports four transaction isolation levels: ReadUncommitted, ReadCommitted, RepeatableRead and Serializable. 1.ReadUncommitted allows reading of uncommitted data, which may cause dirty reading. 2. ReadCommitted avoids dirty reading, but non-repeatable reading may occur. 3.RepeatableRead is the default level, avoiding dirty reading and non-repeatable reading, but phantom reading may occur. 4. Serializable avoids all concurrency problems but reduces concurrency. Choosing the appropriate isolation level requires balancing data consistency and performance requirements.
MySQL vs. Other Databases: Comparing the OptionsApr 15, 2025 am 12:08 AMMySQL is suitable for web applications and content management systems and is popular for its open source, high performance and ease of use. 1) Compared with PostgreSQL, MySQL performs better in simple queries and high concurrent read operations. 2) Compared with Oracle, MySQL is more popular among small and medium-sized enterprises because of its open source and low cost. 3) Compared with Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL is more suitable for cross-platform applications. 4) Unlike MongoDB, MySQL is more suitable for structured data and transaction processing.
How does MySQL index cardinality affect query performance?Apr 14, 2025 am 12:18 AMMySQL index cardinality has a significant impact on query performance: 1. High cardinality index can more effectively narrow the data range and improve query efficiency; 2. Low cardinality index may lead to full table scanning and reduce query performance; 3. In joint index, high cardinality sequences should be placed in front to optimize query.
MySQL: Resources and Tutorials for New UsersApr 14, 2025 am 12:16 AMThe MySQL learning path includes basic knowledge, core concepts, usage examples, and optimization techniques. 1) Understand basic concepts such as tables, rows, columns, and SQL queries. 2) Learn the definition, working principles and advantages of MySQL. 3) Master basic CRUD operations and advanced usage, such as indexes and stored procedures. 4) Familiar with common error debugging and performance optimization suggestions, such as rational use of indexes and optimization queries. Through these steps, you will have a full grasp of the use and optimization of MySQL.
Real-World MySQL: Examples and Use CasesApr 14, 2025 am 12:15 AMMySQL's real-world applications include basic database design and complex query optimization. 1) Basic usage: used to store and manage user data, such as inserting, querying, updating and deleting user information. 2) Advanced usage: Handle complex business logic, such as order and inventory management of e-commerce platforms. 3) Performance optimization: Improve performance by rationally using indexes, partition tables and query caches.
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