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HomeDatabaseMysql TutorialMYSQL 随机 抽取实现方法及效率分析_MySQL

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请教怎么从数据库随机读出15条记录?
order by rand() limit 0,15
怎么从数据库随机读出所有记录?
order by rand()

但是,后来我查了一下MYSQL的官方手册,里面针对RAND()的提示大概意思就是,在ORDER BY从句里面不能使用RAND()函数,因为这样会导致数据列被多次扫描。但是在MYSQL 3.23版本中,仍然可以通过ORDER BY RAND()来实现随机。

但是真正测试一下才发现这样效率非常低。一个15万余条的库,查询5条数据,居然要8秒以上。查看官方手册,也说rand()放在ORDER BY 子句中会被执行多次,自然效率及很低。
You cannot use a column with RAND() values in an ORDER BY clause, because ORDER BY would evaluate the column multiple times.
搜索Google,网上基本上都是查询max(id) * rand()来随机获取数据。
SELECT *
FROM `table` AS t1 JOIN (SELECT ROUND(RAND() * (SELECT MAX(id) FROM `table`)) AS id) AS t2
WHERE t1.id >= t2.id
ORDER BY t1.id ASC LIMIT 5;

但是这样会产生连续的5条记录。解决办法只能是每次查询一条,查询5次。即便如此也值得,因为15万条的表,查询只需要0.01秒不到。

下面的语句采用的是JOIN,mysql的论坛上有人使用
SELECT *
FROM `table`
WHERE id >= (SELECT FLOOR( MAX(id) * RAND()) FROM `table` )
ORDER BY id LIMIT 1;

我测试了一下,需要0.5秒,速度也不错,但是跟上面的语句还是有很大差距。总觉有什么地方不正常。

于是我把语句改写了一下。
SELECT * FROM `table`
WHERE id >= (SELECT floor(RAND() * (SELECT MAX(id) FROM `table`)))
ORDER BY id LIMIT 1;

这下,效率又提高了,查询时间只有0.01秒

最后,再把语句完善一下,加上MIN(id)的判断。我在最开始测试的时候,就是因为没有加上MIN(id)的判断,结果有一半的时间总是查询到表中的前面几行。
完整查询语句是:
SELECT * FROM `table`
WHERE id >= (SELECT floor( RAND() * ((SELECT MAX(id) FROM `table`)-(SELECT MIN(id) FROM `table`)) + (SELECT MIN(id) FROM `table`)))
ORDER BY id LIMIT 1;

SELECT *
FROM `table` AS t1 JOIN (SELECT ROUND(RAND() * ((SELECT MAX(id) FROM `table`)-(SELECT MIN(id) FROM `table`))+(SELECT MIN(id) FROM `table`)) AS id) AS t2
WHERE t1.id >= t2.id
ORDER BY t1.id LIMIT 1;

最后在php中对这两个语句进行分别查询10次,
前者花费时间 0.147433 秒
后者花费时间 0.015130 秒
看来采用JOIN的语法比直接在WHERE中使用函数效率还要高很多。bitsCN.com

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