SQL语言的组成部分
常见分类:
DDL:数据定义语言DCL:数据控制语言,如授权DML:数据操作语言
其它分类:
完整性定义语言:DDL的一部分功能约束约束:包括主键,外键,唯一键,条件,非空,事务等各类约束视图定义:即虚表,就是存储下来的SELECT语句事务控制嵌入式SQL和动态SQL
数据字典:系统编目(system catalog)
作用:保存数据库服务器上的元数据
保存元数据的数据库有:
information_schemamysqlperformance_schema
元数据包括:
关系名称关系的各字段名称各字段的数据类型和长度约束关系上的视图名称及视图的定义授权用户名称用户的授权和帐户信息统计类的数据关系字段的个数关系中的行数关系的存储方法
SQL语言的数据类型及属性修饰符
字符型1:char,varchar,text等
# 对应可用属性修饰符:NOT NULL:非空约束NULL:允许为空DEFAULT ‘string’:默认值,不适用于text类型CHARACTER SET ‘字符集’:设定字符集查看当前MySQL字符集:show variables like ‘%char%’;查看可使用字符集:show character set;COLLATION:设定字符集的排序规则查看可用排序规则:show collation;
字符型2:binary,varbinary,blob等
# 对应可用属性修饰符NOT NULL,NULLDEFAULT:不适用于blob类型
整型
# 对应可用属性修饰符:AUTO_INCREMENT:自动增长(前提:非空、唯一,支持索引,非负值)UNSIGNED:无符号NOT NULL,NULLDEFAULT
浮点型
# 对应可用属性修饰符:NOT NULL,NULLDEFAULTUNSIGNED
日期时间型
# 对应可用属性修饰符:NOT NULL,NULLDEFAULT
内置类型
# ENUM和SET的区别ENUM:枚举,一般存储字串,只能取其中一个使用SET:集合,一般存储单个字符,可组合各字符形成字串使用# 对应可用属性修饰符:NOT NULL,NULLDEFAULT
MySQL中的服务器变量
支持修改的服务器变量
# 一般分类动态变量:可在MySQL运行时修改静态变量:在配置文件中修改其值,其重启后方能生效# 从其生效范围来分类全局变量:服务器级别,修改之后仅对新建立的会话有效会话变量:会话级别,仅对当前会话有效;会话建立时,从全局继承各变量
查看服务器变量
# 一般分类动态变量:可在MySQL运行时修改静态变量:在配置文件中修改其值,其重启后方能生效# 从其生效范围来分类全局变量:服务器级别,修改之后仅对新建立的会话有效会话变量:会话级别,仅对当前会话有效;会话建立时,从全局继承各变量
修改服务器变量
# 前提:默认仅管理员有权限修改全局变量set {global|session} Variable_Name=’Value’;# 注:无论是全局还是会话级别的动态变量修改,在重启mysqld后都会失效;若想永久生效,可定义在配置文件中的相应段中[mysqld]
MySQL中的数据操作
数据库操作
表操作
创建表
删除表
修改表结构
数据操作
包括插入(Insert)、替换(Replace)、更新(Update)、删除(Delete)操作
MySQL的视图
本质:视图就是存储下来的select语句
创建视图
create view View_Name as select_clause# 如 create view stu as select Name,Age,ClassID from students;
显示视图的创建属性
show create view stu;
使用:授权用户权限时,只指定视图,则用户只能查看到视图内的内容,而不能查看全部数据了

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