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查询分类

单表查询:简单查询

多表查询:连接查询

联合查询:多个查询结果汇总

查询的组成

投影查询:挑选要显示的字段

select array1,array2,... from tb_name;

选择查询:挑选符合条件的行

select * from tb_name where-clause
where-clause:布尔条件表达式= # 等值比较 # 等值比较,包括与NULL的安全比较或!= # 不等值比较,>= # 其它比较符IS NULL # 是否为空值IS NOT NULL # 是否不为空值LIKE # 支持的通配符有%和_RLIKE或REGEXP # 正则表达式匹配IN # 判指定字段的值是否在给定的列表中BETWEEN … AND …# 在某取值范围内

组合条件查询

NOT,!# 非AND,&& # 和OR,|| # 或

聚合函数查询

SUM() # 求总和AVG() # 求平均值MAX() # 求最大值MIN() # 求最小值COUNT() # 求记录总数#注:count(*)效率最低,可指定某一字段求总数,如count(Name)

查询语句

语法

select ... from tb_name where-clause [others-clause]

各子句类型及作用

where # 条件过滤group by # 对查询结果分组having # 对group by的结果进行条件过滤order by # 排序limit # 限制输出行数,如”limit 2“表示只显示前2行,“limit 2,3”表示偏移前2行,显示3-5行

其它修饰符

123

distinct# 指定的结果相同的只显示一次

sql_cache# 缓存于查询缓存中

sql_no_cache# 不缓存查询结果

select的执行流程

from-->where-->group by-->having-->order by-->select-->limit

多表查询

说明

事先将两张或多张表连接(join),根据连接的结果进行查询

语法

select … from tb1 Join_Type tb2 [on (Join_Condition)]连接类型有:cross join,inner join,left join和right join等

连接分类

cross join:交叉连接,又称笛卡尔乘积

表1中的记录(共M条)与表2中的记录(共N条)逐一连接,交叉连接数据量较大,共M*N条记录;

select * from students,classes# 注:不带where子句哦

inner join:内连接,根据连接判断的运算符又可分类如下:

等值连接:根据表1和表2中某字段值相等进行连接,其查询结果中列出被连接表中的所有列,包括其中的重复列

select * from students,classes# 注:不带where子句哦

条件比较连接:在连接条件中使用除等号(=)运算符之外的运算符,如>,>=,等

自然连接:在连接条件中使用等号(=)运算符,且只选择结果集中的部分列,并删除连接表中的重复列

select a.name,p.pub_name from authors as a inner join publishers as p on a.city=p.city

外连接:返回查询结果集合中的不仅包含符合连接条件的行,而且还包括左表(左外连接)、右表(右外连接)或两个边接表(全外连接)中的所有数据行

左外连接:返回包括左表中的所有记录和右表中联结字段相等的记录

tb1 LEFT JOIN tb2 ON 连接条件

右外连接:返回包括右表中的所有记录和左表中联结字段相等的记录

tb1 RIGHT JOIN tb2 ON 连接条件

全外连接:连接运算两边的关系中的元组都保留,MySQL不支持此种连接

自连接:同一表中某字段的多次比较使用

select stu1.Name as StuName,stu2.Name as TeachName from students as stu1,students as stu2 where stu1.TeacherID=stu2.StuID;

子查询

说明

在外层查询中嵌套的内层查询叫做子查询,类型有:

where型子查询:把内层查询结果当做外层查询的比较条件

select goods_id,goods_name from goods where goods_id = (select max(goods_id) from goods)# 子查询的返回值只能有1个

exists型子查询:把内层查询结果拿到外层,看外层的查询是否成立

select cat_id,cat_name from category where exists(select * from goods where goods.cat_id = category.cat_id);# 可通过转换为内连接查询:select cat_id,cat_name from category inner join goods on goods.cat_id=category.cat_id;# 与exists类似的还有in子查询,表示外层查询条件在一个内层查询的结果集内select * from user_core where userId in (select userId from user_classes where class_id=’A001’);

from型子查询:把内层的查询结果供外层查询使用

select name,avg(score) from stu where name in (select name from (select name,count(*) as gk from stu having gk >=2)) group by name;

注:MySQL不擅长于子查询的优化,故应避免使用子查询

联合查询

说明

把两个或多个查询语句的结果合并成一个结果进行输出,前提是多个查询结果的输出字段是一致的

语法

SELECT clause UNION SELECT clause UNION …

union:会将多个表的查询结果合并后进行排序,同时删除重复的行,故效率略慢;union和union all的区别

union all:只是简单的将多个表的结果合并后返回,不删除重复行,效率较高

实例

涉及的表结构:

wKioL1NTgmjRiTa1AAsXq1Kb2-I709.jpg

查询需求有:

wKiom1NTghWwD-ELABLZikPcbqU748.jpg

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